goblin market Essay -- essays research papers

It is difficult to cull a satisfying thematic interpretation from Christina Rossettis " bugbear food market." Obvious themes might be "that one should be wakeful of temptation," or "that little girls should not talk to strange men." One might even go on to the end of the poem and decide the theme is "that sisters should recognise one another." These are rather trite ideas, however, and while the poem definitely supports them (and they are easily defended with quotations from the text), a more careful look at "Goblin Market" reveals that the poem is fairly complex, and able to support a more revolutionary reading than the ones put forth above. Rather than saying that "Goblin Market" has a particular theme, I would put forth the notion that it attempts to deal with certain problems Rossetti recognized within the canon of English literature, and specifically with the problem of how to do a female hero.There are no signifecant female h eros in English literature up to the time of Rossetti. Female protagonists exist, of course, like Elizabeth in Austens fleece and Prejudice, but they have no outlet for heroic action. They are constrained by the gender-roles into which a male-dominated society has placed them. Elizabeth must spend a trusty deal of her energy waiting for Darcy to take action she herself is hobbled by the cords of decorum.In "Goblin Market," Rossetti creates a rudimentary framework of behavior in wh...

The Narrative Structure of Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness Essa

The Narrative Structure of Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte was first published in 1847, during the Victorian Era. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad was first published as a complete novel in 1902, beginning what is referred to as the Modernist Era in literature. Each of these compelling stories is narrated by an detached character who is quoting a story told to them by a character who actually participated in the story being told. There are both differences and similarities in these in effect(p) methods of narration that reflect the styles and expectations of those sentences. In Brontes Wuthering Heights, the character of Lockwood begins the tale, and then moves into recounting the oration of the history of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange as seen through the eyes of Nelly Dean. Lockwoods additions to the story are contain to the beginning of the novel and to the end, and to one occasion when he pleads with Nelly Dean, Draw yo ur knitting out of your pocket-that will do-now continue the history of Mr. Heathcliff, from where you left off, to the present day(WH 70). Nelly Dean, who was an active voice participant in some of the episodes she tells of (but not all of them) tells the bulk of the story to the reader. In Conrads Heart of Darkness, an unnamed seaman is recounting a tale told to him by Captain Marlow. The unnamed narrators appearance is interspersed throughout the story, reminding the reader that it is a story being told to a group of sailors. I listened, I listened on the watch for the sentence, for the word, that would part me the clue to the faint uneasiness inspired by this narrative that seemed to shape itself without human lips in the he... ...the same type of narrative frame, each is indicative of the meter when it was written. Emily Bronte wrote Nelly Deans narrative to fit with the times and the audience of 1847. Fifty-five years later Joseph Conrad began the Modernist Era with his narrative by Marlow, and captured the attention of a new audience. As things changed and time moved on, so did the audiences for British Literature. Works Cited and Consulted Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, 1999. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. W.W. Norton New York, 1990. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness The Longman Anthology British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Longman. New York. 2000. 2190-2246. Damrosch, David, et al., ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature Vol. B. agitate ed. New York Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

sentry Finch lives with her brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, in the sleepy Alabama town of Maycomb. Maycomb is suffering through the Great Depression, but Atticus is a tumid lawyer and the Finch family is reasonably well off in comparison to the rest of society. One summer, Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who has come to live in their neighborhood for the summer, and the trio acts out stories together. Eventually, Dill becomes fascinated with the spooky house on their street called the Radley Place. The house is owned by Mr. Nathan Radley, whose brother, Arthur (nicknamed Boo), has lived there for years without venturing outside.Scout goes to school for the first time that fall and detests it. She and Jem call back gifts apparently left for them in a knothole of a tree on the Radley property. Dill returns the following summer, and he, Scout, and Jem set down to act out the story of Boo Radley. Atticus puts a stop to their antics, urging the children to t ry to see life from another persons perspective before making judgments. But, on the last day of summer, the three sneak onto the Radley property, where Nathan Radley shoots at them. Jem loses his pants in the ensuing escape. When he returns for them, he finds them mended and hung over the fence. The next winter, Jem and Scout find more presents in the tree, presumably left by the mysterious Boo. Nathan Radley eventually plugs the knothole with cement. Shortly thereafter, a fire breaks out in another neighbors house, and during the fire individual slips a blanket on Scouts shoulders as she watches the blaze. Convinced that Boo did it, Jem tells Atticus about the mended pants and the presents.To the consternation of Maycombs racist white community, Atticus agrees to defend a black man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping a white woman. Because of Atticuss decision, Jem and Scout are subjected to abuse from other children, even when they celebrate Christmas at the famil y compound on Finchs Landing. Calpurnia, the Finches black cook, takes them to the local black church, where the warm and close-knit community largely embraces the children.Atticuss sister, Alexandra, comes to live with the Finches the next summer. Dill, who is supposed to live with his new stepfather in another town, runs outside(a) and comes to Maycomb. Tom Robinsons trial begins, and when the accused man is placed in the local jail, a mob gathers to lynch him.

LEGO and the Market for Children’s Building Blocks Essay -- Children T

BackgroundThere exists in some human beings an insatiable draw towards the crotchety and theunusual, as much a statement of individuality as the clothes a person wears. This attractionsometimes leads towards the hobby of collecting a sight of objects. Each person has their take inniche of memorabilia, often a set that reminds them of childhood fantasies or other happy times.Because these consumers have specialized needs, wanting with vary fierceness to obtainspecific, rarified items to complete their sets, the collectibles commercialise makes for intriguing study,especially that dominated by LEGOthe market for a collectible childrens toy august byits interlocking bricks.The LEGO confederacy has made itself a giant in the market for childrens toys during itsexistence and has used that leverage to propel itself successfully into the collectibles market. The unwavering began as a shaper of wooden toys in Denmark seventy years ago. Sales allowed theDanish company to survive, bu t not to thrive until it introduced in 1949 toy dog plastic blockswith divots and bumps that were aligned such that they could fit into one another, and weredesigned for building structures. With these plastic blocks the company was able to market to allfirst-world countries, from North America to Hesperian Europe, Australia, and Japan. Visualizingsomething and then constructing it, its creators believed, was and is an educational get a linethat encourages lifelong creativity, imagination and learning, according to their press release.Perhaps the very reason that many people now collect LEGOs is that they were then captivatedas children with the unnumerable capacity of the blocks.LEGO expanded its product line in the late 1980s by... ...th. By having examined itscompetitors and their successes, one now sees by line of business what LEGO is and is not. To continuesetting the market standard it must maintain its current corporate direction, including repeatedproduct updates an d retirements, that was critically scrutinized here and proven to work. Indeed,ask account statement itself.- 10 -Works Cited one-year Average Exchange Rates 2001. Spreadsheet. Bank of England. 29 Oct. 2002.Annual taradiddle LEGO Company. Annual Accounts 2001. 2001. .Annual Report MegaBloks Inc. MegaBloks Quarterly Report 2002. 2002..The Ultimate LEGO book. New York DK Publishing. 1999.Heller, Richard. (Re) grammatical construction Blocks. Forbes. 168.13 (2001) 154.Mand, Adrienne. Bionicle Web Chronicle. Advertising Age. 72.33 (2001) 21. LEGO and the Market for Childrens Building Blocks Essay -- Children T BackgroundThere exists in some human beings an insatiable draw towards the unique and theunusual, as much a statement of individuality as the clothes a person wears. This attractionsometimes leads towards the hobby of collecting a set of objects. Each person has their ownniche of memorabilia, often a set that reminds them of childhood fantasies or other happy ti mes.Because these consumers have specialized needs, wanting with varying fierceness to obtainspecific, rare items to complete their sets, the collectibles market makes for intriguing study,especially that dominated by LEGOthe market for a collectible childrens toy distinguished byits interlocking bricks.The LEGO Company has made itself a giant in the market for childrens toys during itsexistence and has used that leverage to propel itself successfully into the collectibles market. Thefirm began as a manufacturer of wooden toys in Denmark seventy years ago. Sales allowed theDanish company to survive, but not to thrive until it introduced in 1949 miniature plastic blockswith divots and bumps that were aligned such that they could fit into one another, and weredesigned for building structures. With these plastic blocks the company was able to market to allfirst-world countries, from North America to Western Europe, Australia, and Japan. Visualizingsomething and then constructing it, it s creators believed, was and is an educational experiencethat encourages lifelong creativity, imagination and learning, according to their press release.Perhaps the very reason that many people now collect LEGOs is that they were indeed captivatedas children with the infinite capacity of the blocks.LEGO expanded its product line in the late 1980s by... ...th. By having examined itscompetitors and their successes, one now sees by contrast what LEGO is and is not. To continuesetting the market standard it must maintain its current corporate direction, including repeatedproduct updates and retirements, that was critically scrutinized here and proven to work. Indeed,ask history itself.- 10 -Works CitedAnnual Average Exchange Rates 2001. Spreadsheet. Bank of England. 29 Oct. 2002.Annual Report LEGO Company. Annual Accounts 2001. 2001. .Annual Report MegaBloks Inc. MegaBloks Quarterly Report 2002. 2002..The Ultimate LEGO book. New York DK Publishing. 1999.Heller, Richard. (Re) Building B locks. Forbes. 168.13 (2001) 154.Mand, Adrienne. Bionicle Web Chronicle. Advertising Age. 72.33 (2001) 21.

How to burn a cd :: essays research papers

This is copied off of howstuffworks.comi just needed something to get into an account.. sorry.In 2000, one of the biggest tidings stories was the rise of Napster and similar file-sharing programs. With these programs, you could get an MP3 version of just about any song you want without shelling out a dime. The record companies were fairly revolutionise over this turn of events, and understandably so They werent making any money off the distribution of their product to millions of people. An external writable CD drive, also called a CD burner With this type of drive, you layabout take music or data files from your computer and make your own CDs.But there was money to be made on the "Napster revolution," as electronics manufacturers and retailers soon discovered. In 1999, 2000 and early 2001, sales of CD burners and blank CD-Recordable discs skyrocketed. Suddenly it was feasible for the average person to gather songs and make their own CDs, and music-mix makers everywhere wanted to get their hands on the means of production. Today, writable CD drives (CD burners) are standard equipment in new PCs, and more and more audio enthusiasts are adding fall apart CD burners to their stereo systems. In less than five years, CDs have eclipsed cassette tapes as the mix medium of choice. In this edition of HowStuffWorks, youll find out how CD burners encode songs and other information onto blank discs. Well also look at CD re-writable technology, see how the data files are put together and find out how you can make your own music mixes with a CD burner. CD BasicsA CD has a long, spiraled data track. If you were to unwind this track, it would extend out 3.5 miles (5 km).If youve bring How CDs Work, you understand the basic idea of CD technology. CDs store music and other files in digital form -- that is, the information on the disc is represented by a series of 1s and 0s (see How Analog and Digital Recording Works for more information). In conventional CDs, thes e 1s and 0s are represented by millions of tiny bumps and flat areas on the discs reflective surface. The bumps and flats are arranged in a continuous track that measures about 0.5 microns (millionths of a meter) across and 3.5 miles (5 km) long. To read this information, the CD player passes a optical maser beam over the track.

How to burn a cd :: essays research papers

This is copied off of howstuffworks.comi just needed something to get into an account.. sorry.In 2000, one of the biggest intelligence operation stories was the rise of Napster and similar file-sharing programs. With these programs, you could get an MP3 version of just about any song you want without shelling out a dime. The record companies were fairly unordered over this turn of events, and understandably so They werent making any money off the distribution of their product to millions of people. An external writable CD drive, also called a CD burner With this type of drive, you whoremaster take music or data files from your computer and make your own CDs.But there was money to be made on the "Napster revolution," as electronics manufacturers and retailers soon discovered. In 1999, 2000 and early 2001, sales of CD burners and blank CD-Recordable discs skyrocketed. Suddenly it was feasible for the average person to gather songs and make their own CDs, and music-mix maker s everyplace wanted to get their hands on the means of production. Today, writable CD drives (CD burners) are standard equipment in new PCs, and more and more audio enthusiasts are adding cave in CD burners to their stereo systems. In less than five years, CDs have eclipsed cassette tapes as the mix medium of choice. In this edition of HowStuffWorks, youll find out how CD burners convert songs and other information onto blank discs. Well also look at CD re-writable technology, see how the data files are put together and find out how you can make your own music mixes with a CD burner. CD BasicsA CD has a long, spiraled data track. If you were to unwind this track, it would extend out 3.5 miles (5 km).If youve usher How CDs Work, you understand the basic idea of CD technology. CDs store music and other files in digital form -- that is, the information on the disc is represented by a series of 1s and 0s (see How Analog and Digital Recording Works for more information). In convention al CDs, these 1s and 0s are represented by millions of tiny bumps and flat areas on the discs reflective surface. The bumps and flats are arranged in a continuous track that measures about 0.5 microns (millionths of a meter) across and 3.5 miles (5 km) long. To read this information, the CD player passes a laser beam over the track.

Continuing Academic Success Essay

While cosmos responsible for our academic success, prioritizing work to achieve goals can be valuable to students without a success driven mindset. Responsibility and action along with ethics help set the path for proper results and set standards for academic achievement. As I explore this new endeavor in my life, I will outline my miserys, successes and the lessons I take aim learned along the way. Failure is something I have to accept. I have failed a lot in the past, and I have allowed those failures to effect me in the present. As a young boy in musical score school, I would always work hard to obtain earnest grades. After my first semester in high school, I assumed it was natural for me to get good grades, so I refrained from working hard. After a few months of not striving to my full potential, my academics began to suffer, and I failed a few classes. I was very disappointed in myself, and I then became afraid to try because of a failure mindset. I started to expect failu re in my immediate life, especially in my academics. I started to believe I was not good enough to achieve. I would psychologically defeat myself before attempting to do well.Now, I have realized the values in failing by allowing my disappointment to be my motivation for success. Since then, I have learned the importance of setting goals. How can you expect to hit a fair game without aiming first (Robusto, 2009). Goal setting is important to me because I am a person who likes to take on too many responsibilities. I have a tendency to overload myself with work and at times get overwhelmed when I cannot grapple all tasks in a timely manner. I became aware of the movement I needed to work on in order to achieve my set goals. I started to write d testify all tasks I needed to complete and the dates of completion. I set time apart to evaluate my works and prepare to setup aprocedure on how to fulfill these functions that allow me to thumb gracious and not overwhelmed on projects wit h sensitive time constrictions. While continuing with my academic success, I have been setting new goals academically and for my career. My educational goal will be to complete one assignment a day and participate in two-class discussions per day.My career goal is to mentor one of my peers every six months in the area I have already mastered. In doing this, I will assist someone in their career goals as well as my own to ensure everyone develops and succeeds. As I read through my results for the Ethical Lens Inventory and realize, ethics is a set of principles of right conduct (Ethics 2011). My core ethical lenses are sensibility and equality. I listen to my intuition to determine the characteristic traits and attributes that best serve the community. I remain attentive to the particular needs of those in a similar situation as I carefully evaluate their outcome for my resolution. Further sharpening my critical sentiment skills in learning from others mistakes and not committing t he equivalent mistake twice. My blind ethical lens leads me to believe that I rely heavily on the attributes of the role. At times, this can be risky because I draw a blank that individuals are fallible, and I should rely solely on people to solve problems. In knowing this or so my moral background, I run the risk of accept that my role is more important than other individuals and will not be susceptible to constructive criticism.So I do not hinder my victimization I should allow others to assess the role and assure that all roles are important. Even though thinking is a process, and intelligence is the product (Jensen 2005), we have to generalise without thinking of the ending result, we can never consider the product. Critical thinking has an important role in learning and development because if properly executed it allows me to look out the entire situation instead of the individual task. I plan to take the necessary actions to determine the task with open eyes and an unbi ased approach. Remembering the facts about the situation can help in resolving the issue. Understanding by reiterating the problem can help me further comprehend. Applying then analyzing the tasks and or situations so I can prepare the stairs to come to the evaluation. I can see if the resources are accurate and thorough. The last thing I should be able to do to assure my critical thinking skills are complete is a form of creating.I take all the information of this situation, and use it in my final resolution. Thesesteps are crucial in the ability to think clearly and not be clouded by biased information. Advancing in my critical thinking skills is as important as my writing skills. I have to take the appropriate steps in continuing to engage the readers throughout the writing process. create verbally is crucial as a student and everyday life because it is a form of communication. I will utilize the necessary resources to assist me in applying the lessons being instructed for compl etion of each assignment in accordance with the University guidelines. Allowing myself to create an outline for the topic before the rough draft is setting the priority of how the papers dissertation will be well planned for the entire topic. I can use many of the Universitys resources such as the thesis generator to father the subject of the assignment. Grammarly is a great resource to assure the proper format and grammar for the paper.The University has various resources such as live assistance in the Center for constitution Excellence. The benefit of using external resources is that one cannot rely only on their opinion alone but can get a different emplacement of the situation. The University library is an excellent option for researching credible information to guarantee educational success. Although, some information in the library could be bias, we have to do the research on each source to review the comparisons and understand which source is indeed accurate.In conclusion , the information obtained and lessons learned in this course have given me a boost of confidence in my critical thinking, reading and writing skills. I feel comfortable in continuing my academic success with this knowledge. I feel as though I have accomplished great things in these past five weeks and will watch to move forward. The University has given me the desire to continue the achievements in my educational career by showing me the proper approach of getting the job done correctly. I now realize that a failure does not define a person. The failures can be used as a stepping-stone in the journey to greatness.ReferencesEthic. (2011). In The American Heritage dictionary of the English language. Retrieved from http//search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/entry/hmdictenglang/ethic/0 Jensen, Eric. Critical Thinking Skills. Teaching with the

Final the Relationship Between Hiv and Aids and Poverty Is Synergistic and Symmetrical in Nature

BACHELOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HONOURS spirit level IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES BLOCK RELEASE 2. 2FACULTY HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCESDEPARTMENT DEVELOPMENT STUDIES scholarly person NAME EMMANUEL R MARABUKA STUDENT ID NUMBER L0110064TMODULE NAME human immunodeficiency virus AND help IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LECTURER MR D.NYATHIDUE DATE 01 MARCH 2013EMAIL ADDRESS emailprotected com QUESTION The human kinship between human immunodeficiency virus and aid and Poverty is interactive and symmetrical in spirit. Comment. 25 human immunodeficiency virus and back up atomic summate 18 issues of concern worldwide they be associated by umteen implications which affect negatively in human lives. human immunodeficiency virus and assist atomic number 18 mainly spread through unprotected energise with an septic person. human immunodeficiency virus weakens the antibo slip externals which argon responsible for fighting diseases. whence once the white blood cells be modify by virus it can non resist diseases lead a person into many opportunistic infections at this stage a person will convey aid. Therefore for now human immunodeficiency virus and support consider no cure yet. Therefore, human immunodeficiency virus and assist and m residueicancy atomic number 18 synergistic and symmetrical in nature. Meaning to reckon the touch ons of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome and scantness complement each separate in destroying humans well world. Also they spend a penny alike(p) power or they be parallel in destroying human lives. However this essay seeks to gloss on the nonion that, the relationship of between human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS and pauperisation is synergistic and symmetrical in nature.According to Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011) mendicancy is defined as a evince of having little or no money and few or no bodily possessions. The World Bank defines mendicancy as the in faculty to attain a min imum standard of aliment and produced a universal poverty line, which was consumption-based and comprised of cardinal elements the expenditure indispensable to buy a minimum standard of sustentation and other basic necessities and a further amount that varies from country to country, reflecting the cost of take part in everyday life of society.Poverty can be coifd by unemployment, let proscribed preparation, deprivation and homelessness. Therefore, human immunodeficiency virus and poverty reinforce each other, with woeful, unguarded and powerless women being a significant driver of the disease while as well as posture the burden of its impact (Scott et al 2011) Poverty, characterized by limited human and monetary resources, is at that placefore portrayed as a risk factor to human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. Moreover, HIV/AIDS deepens poverty and attachs inequalities at every level, kin, community, regional and sectoral.Poverty pervades subgroups much(prenominal) as the discharged and migrants. As a result of the condition of poverty, tidy sum become much vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, since these be the bulk who take less feeler to the necessary facilities to prevent or treat HIV Scott (2011). This means scurvy commonwealth have less access to HIV/AIDS treatment which accessions the progression of AIDS. HIV HIV/AIDS appears to interact strongly with poverty and this interaction increases the attainment of photo of those rest homes already vulnerable to shocks (Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Poverty is associated with vulnerability to severe diseases like HIV, through its make on delaying access to wellness occupy and inhibiting treatment adherence (Bates et al, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). The costs incurred when seeking diagnosis and treatment for HIV/AIDS are prevalent make outs of delays in accessing wellness care especially for the poor. Poor mobs whitethorn not necessarily have the financial resources to seek help f rom health centres, nor sustenance protection to enable members to adhere to their treatment.It should be emphasised that poor quite a little infected with HIV are considerably more likely to become chuck and die faster than the non-poor since they are likely to be malnourished, in poor health, and missing in health attention and medications (FAO 2001). Therefore, lack of resources is significant cause of the delays in accessing health services by poor households which guide on them to degenerative illness because of HIV and AIDS. The relationship between HIV and AIDS and poverty is seen when HIV compromise health of an individual and because of poverty that individual lack resources to access health thereby tether to chronic illness or final stage.More so, HIV increase financial constraints to a household already poverty stricken and it increases debts related to health. HIV/AIDS and poverty impact significantly especially on the household and its ability to superintend with the epidemic. Household impact is one of the points at which AIDS and poverty reason their intertwined relationship (Piot et al cited Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). At the household level the HIV-afflicted patients task in empower gradually diminishes as the patient uccumbs to sickness, and the roil of other household and extended family members is often turn to care for AIDS patients during this period, the most sarcastic impact being when the patient becomes incapacitated before death. De Waal & Whiteside (2003) have found that diversion of labour coupled with the care of children orphaned as a result of the death of their parents to AIDS related diseases further impoverishes the household. The HIV/AIDS epidemic undercuts the ability of the households to cope with shocks. Assets are likely to be liquidated to pay for the costs of care.Sickness and caring for the sick prevent people from migrating to find adjunctal rub down. In the longer term, poor households whiteth orn never recover even their initial low standard of living (UNDP 2009). This clearly shows the linkage between HIV/AIDS and poverty at household level because it leave a poor household in chronic poverty much(prenominal) that it will be difficult to come out of it. Like poverty, HIV/AIDS epidemic is alter the sub-continent of Saharan Africa more staidly than any other parts of the world with 63% of global AIDS cases occurring in the region (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011).This shows a relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty in the region because in sub Saharan gamey Africa there is high poverty as well as HIV prevalence. Jooma, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) cited that, the number of Africans living below the poverty line (less than 1 US vaulting horse per day) has almost doubled from 164 million in 1981 to 314 million people today. She further contends that 32 of 47 African countries are among the worlds 48 poorest nations.Therefore, HIV is high in Africa as compar ed to other continents of the world as well as poverty. However poverty and HIV and AIDS have a windup link in diminishing human lives. Poverty and mobility are critical dimensions of vulnerability to HIV transmission (FAO 2001). Therefore, driving force behind migratory movements is poverty. ILO (2005) put forward that, poverty increases the risk of HIV/AIDS when it propels the unemployed into unskilled migratory labour pools in search of temporary and seasonal work, which increases their risk of HIV/AIDS.UNDP (2009) in the same vein eludes that, poverty especially boorish poverty, and the absence of access to sustainable livelihoods, are factors in labour mobility of the population including cross brim migration and acceleration of the urbanization process, which contributes to create the conditions that sustain HIV transmission. However such situations widens the network of end up networking, and in this way it will facilitate the early fast spread of HIV. This means that, poverty increases peoples mobility exposing them to infection when they are away(predicate) from their families.In this way poverty and HIV are synergistic and symmetrical in nature because in this essence, poverty create a migration platform which at the end founder people to HIV infection because of long time away from sexual partners. HIV and AIDS and poverty have strong bi-directional linkages. HIV/AIDS is both(prenominal) a manifestation of poverty conditions that exist, taking hold where livelihoods are unsustainable and the result of the unmitigated impact of the epidemic on social and economic conditions (ILO 2005).HIV/AIDS is at the same time a cause and an outcome of poverty and poverty is both a cause and an outcome of HIV/AIDS. HIV and AIDS mainly affect the prolific age of 15-60. ILO (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS causes pauperism when working-age adults in poor households become ill and need treatment and care, because income is lost when the earners are no longer a ble to work, and expenditures increase due to medical care costs. Therefore, this means HIV reduces household income generation because labour will be diverted to care for the sick person.Unlike other sicknesses, HIV/AIDS does not posterior the poor. Whereas poverty may increase an individuals susceptibility to infection by HIV/AIDS and vulnerability to its physical, social, and economic impact, HIV/AIDS itself is not ex ante linked with poverty. In addition HIV and AIDS increase consumption at the expense of production. Moreover, households often expend their savings and suffer their assets in order to purchase medical care for sick members. Assets may have to be sold when many households are facing the same need, and such distress sales are often ill-timed and at a loss.This lead to chronic poverty and it directly affect livelihoods. Women are more vulnerable than men to HIV infection because of, biological, cultural, lack of education, inheritance among other factors. In the sa me vein FAO (2001) alludes that, in many places HIV infection rates are three to five times higher among young women than young men. In addition to Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011) posits that, fifty-eight percent of all Tanzanian adults living with HIV/AIDS are women. This shows women are most likely to be infected by HIV and AIDS.Scott et al (2011) argues that, gender inequality and poverty deprives women of their ability to fulfil their socially designated responsibilities, and therefore debases them, often forcing them into prostitution which exposes them to HIV infection. Therefore, children raised in poor households lay out a large risk of achieving a low level of educational attainment and dropping out of school. Girls especially are removed from school as a coping strategy, and also because the girls education is viewed as less of a priority, since it is expected that they will marry and will belong to another family.Women in Tanzania also have severely limited access to ed ucation, employment, credit, and transportation as a result northern coastal womenmarried and unmarried, young and oldare increasingly turning to sex work, exposing them to a high risk of HIV infection (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011). This increases poverty in women which expose them in risk behaviour such as moneymaking(prenominal) sex. This is because if women are denied to access education they will not find employment in a formal to cope with their basic needs also they will be vulnerable to sexual exploitation by men because of poverty.ILO (2005) alludes that, poverty drives girls and women to exchange sex for food, and to resort to sex work for excerpt when they are excluded from formal sector employment and all other work options are too low-paying to cover their basic needs. Therefore, commercial sex exposes women to infection and it is mostly necessitated by poverty. In this essence a link between HIV and AIDS and poverty is when poverty forces people to enter into risk behaviour in order to gain living.Therefore, poverty create reasons for women to practice commercial sex also because of poverty they can justify themselves for example women in Mkwaja village Tanzania in who were saying they accept that it is now the female burden to provide for their children, they verbalize they risk dying from AIDS for the sake of our children (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011). HIV/AIDS and poverty have a link in affecting the food security at both household and national level. Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS and poverty combined have a debilitating effect on agricultural sector of the poor countries, and more effect in poor households.Therefore, a major impact on agriculture includes the depletion of human capital, diversion of resources from agriculture, and loss of farm and non-farm income, together with other forms of psychological impacts that affect productivity. Since agriculture is the only source of food, lessening of labour cause severe food shortages in HIV and AIDS affected households. Households experiencing food shortages as a result of poverty and effects of HIV/AIDS increase the chances of fast progression of the illness and inevitable death of the ill person.Given that mal aliment is a function of poverty, there is thus a good reason to assume that poverty helped hasten the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (Nattrass, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). Therefore, both HIV and poverty exert tremendous pressure on the households ability to provide for the basic needs like food. Poor nutritionary status is linked to vulnerability to progression from HIV infection to mortality. Poor nutrition weakens the bodys defence against infection, and infection in turn weakens the faculty of absorption of nutrients Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011).HIV is often associated with morbidity leading to labour shortage and loss of income. In the same line UNDP (2009) postulate that, people with chronic illness ar e often unable to work, therefore, leading to income reduction. They also need care from other household members, thus limiting their productive activities and doubling the loss of income which results in poverty. (Wyss et al cited in UNDP 2009) found that time lost due to illness by people living with HIV was approximately 16 days per month, while sporty household members spent 8. days on average to care for affected family members, simplification their time for other activities and occupations. This clearly shows that HIV/AIDS divert labour to attend to a sick person. The link between HIV/AIDS and poverty in this essence is that, HIV deepens poverty through income reduction necessitated by labour diverted to attend to the sick person. Also on top of income reduction HIV increases consumption of available resources through medical expenses thereby leading to chronic poverty. UNDP (2009) reveals that, among the poor, up to 47% of income went to coping with the disease.Although the relationship between, poverty and HIV/AIDS are synergistic and symmetrical in reducing peoples wellbeing. There are circumstances which they are not linked for instance in least developed countries a large number and a material fraction of public sector personnel with a capital of skills, training, and education, and of experience in management and policy-making notably in the fields of health and education are being removed from the labour force as a result of AIDS at a time when the need for their services is superior for development (ILO 2005).Therefore this shows that, AIDS can affect people regardless of their economic status. Therefore, not only poverty expose people to HIV infection by risk behaviours such as multiple sex partners associated with wealth. More over accessibility of income may cause individuals to be mobile and being exposed to commercial sex workers. In another study, HIV and education had a negative relationship in urban areas and a positive link in the rural areas (Hargreaves and Glynn cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Where a positive link was found, the authors suggested that persons, especially men, with greater levels of education may have more disposable income which, in turn, allows them greater access to run low and increased opportunity for contact with commercial sex workers. The study found that more often than not the highest prevalence of HIV was found amongst the well off individuals/households, particularly affecting rich women, as opposed to poorer and rural households (Shelton et al cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).The findings pointed out that wealthier people tend to have the resources which lead to greater and more frequent mobility and expose them to wider sexual networks, encouraging multiple and concurrent relationships. But it was also observed that the wealthier people tend to have greater access to HIV medications that prolong their lives and are more likely to live in urban areas, which hav e the highest prevalence (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011) However, there are, exceptions to the relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty, in particular in Africa where some countries with very high HIV prevalence rates are also among the richest UNDP (2009).In line with this argument (FAO 2001) alludes that, there are some powerful critiques of the poverty-AIDS argument, which ingest that many of the worst affected African countries such as Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa are among the most economically developed in the region, poverty does seem to be a crucial factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. In conclusion, HIV and AIDS and poverty are related and they complement each other.Therefore, high HIV prevalence is mainly fuelled by poverty which leads into migration and exercise of commercial sex by women to gain a living. Moreover poverty increases the progression of AIDS because of lake of medical services. More impacts of HIV and AIDS are seen in poor households because they caus e more health defects as compared to a rich household. One may argue that, poverty creates a platform for people to be infected by HIV and if they are infected poverty further deepens its roots.This is because of liquidation of productive asserts in trying to cope with disease. Although HIV affects all people with and without income, it has great impacts to a poor person. Finally impacts of HIV and AIDS in rich countries and households are not visible because of access to medical facilities. The impacts of HIV and AIDS are mainly visible in poor household who do not have funds to access treatment. Therefore the relationship between HIV and AIDS and poverty are synergistic and symmetrical in nature without compromise.REFERENCES De Waal, A. and Whiteside, A 2003 The novel Variant Famine Hypothesis, Commission on HIV/AIDS and Governance in Africa, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia FAO (2001) The Impact of HIV/AIDS on rural households and land issues in Southern and Eastern Africa. Economic and kindly reading Department http//www. fao. org/wairdocs/ad696e/ad696e04. htm Accessed on 12/02/2013 ILO (2005) HIV/AIDS and poverty the critical connection, Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work www. ilo. rg/aidshttp//www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_protect/protrav/ilo_aids/documents/ emergence/wcms_120468. pdfAccessed on 12/02/2013 Mwambete, K. D. and Justin-Temu, M. (2011). Poverty, Parasitosis and HIV/AIDS Major Health Concerns in Tanzania, Microbes, Viruses and Parasites in AIDS Process, http//cdn. intechopen. com/pdfs/20651/InTech-poverty_parasitosis_and_hiv_aids_major_health_concerns_in_tanzania. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 Scott, E. Simon, T. , Foucade A. L. , Theodore K. , Gittens-Baynes, K. A. 2011) Poverty, Employment and HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and Tobago Department of Economics The University of the West Indies. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 15 THULISILE GANYAZA-TWALO and JOHN SEAGER HSRC (2005) Literature Review on Poverty AND HIV/AIDS Measuring the social and Economic Impacts on Households http//www. wsu. ac. za/hsrc/html/ganyaza-twalo. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 UNDP, (2009). Impact of HIV/AIDS on household vulnerability and poverty in Viet Nam. United Nations Development Programme. Viet Nam. Culture and reading Publishing House.Final the Relationship Between Hiv and Aids and Poverty Is Synergistic and Symmetrical in NatureBACHELOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HONOURS DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES BLOCK RELEASE 2. 2FACULTY HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCESDEPARTMENT DEVELOPMENT STUDIES STUDENT NAME EMMANUEL R MARABUKA STUDENT ID NUMBER L0110064TMODULE NAME HIV AND AIDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LECTURER MR D.NYATHIDUE DATE 01 MARCH 2013EMAIL ADDRESS emailprotected com QUESTION The relationship between HIV and AIDS and Poverty is synergistic and symmetrical in nature. Comment. 25 HIV and AIDS are issues of concern worldwide they are associated by many implications which affect negatively in human lives. HIV and AIDS are mainly spread through unprotected sex with an infected person. HIV weakens the antibodies which are responsible for fighting diseases.Therefore once the white blood cells are damaged by virus it cannot resist diseases result a person into many opportunistic infections at this stage a person will have AIDS. Therefore for now HIV and AIDS have no cure yet. Therefore, HIV and AIDS and poverty are synergistic and symmetrical in nature. Meaning to say the impacts of HIV and AIDS and poverty complement each other in destroying humans well being. Also they have same power or they are parallel in destroying human lives. However this essay seeks to comment on the notion that, the relationship of between HIV and AIDS and poverty is synergistic and symmetrical in nature.According to Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011) poverty is defined as a state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions. The World Bank defines povert y as the inability to attain a minimum standard of living and produced a universal poverty line, which was consumption-based and comprised of two elements the expenditure necessary to buy a minimum standard of nutrition and other basic necessities and a further amount that varies from country to country, reflecting the cost of participating in everyday life of society.Poverty can be caused by unemployment, low education, deprivation and homelessness. Therefore, HIV and poverty reinforce each other, with poor, vulnerable and powerless women being a significant driver of the disease while also bearing the burden of its impact (Scott et al 2011) Poverty, characterized by limited human and monetary resources, is therefore portrayed as a risk factor to HIV/AIDS. Moreover, HIV/AIDS deepens poverty and increases inequalities at every level, household, community, regional and sectoral.Poverty pervades subgroups such as the unemployed and migrants. As a result of the condition of poverty, pe ople become more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, since these are the people who have less access to the necessary facilities to prevent or treat HIV Scott (2011). This means poor people have less access to HIV/AIDS treatment which increases the progression of AIDS. HIV HIV/AIDS appears to interact strongly with poverty and this interaction increases the depth of vulnerability of those households already vulnerable to shocks (Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Poverty is associated with vulnerability to severe diseases like HIV, through its effects on delaying access to health care and inhibiting treatment adherence (Bates et al, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). The costs incurred when seeking diagnosis and treatment for HIV/AIDS are common causes of delays in accessing health care especially for the poor. Poor households may not necessarily have the financial resources to seek help from health centres, nor food security to enable members to adhere to their treatment.It should be emphasi sed that poor people infected with HIV are considerably more likely to become sick and die faster than the non-poor since they are likely to be malnourished, in poor health, and lacking in health attention and medications (FAO 2001). Therefore, lack of resources is significant cause of the delays in accessing health services by poor households which lead them to chronic illness because of HIV and AIDS. The relationship between HIV and AIDS and poverty is seen when HIV compromise health of an individual and because of poverty that individual lack resources to access health thereby leading to chronic illness or death.More so, HIV increase financial constraints to a household already poverty stricken and it increases debts related to health. HIV/AIDS and poverty impact significantly especially on the household and its ability to cope with the epidemic. Household impact is one of the points at which AIDS and poverty demonstrate their intertwined relationship (Piot et al cited Ganyaza-Tw alo and Seager 2005). At the household level the HIV-afflicted patients labour input gradually diminishes as the patient uccumbs to sickness, and the labour of other household and extended family members is often diverted to care for AIDS patients during this period, the most critical impact being when the patient becomes incapacitated before death. De Waal & Whiteside (2003) have found that diversion of labour coupled with the care of children orphaned as a result of the death of their parents to AIDS related diseases further impoverishes the household. The HIV/AIDS epidemic undercuts the ability of the households to cope with shocks. Assets are likely to be liquidated to pay for the costs of care.Sickness and caring for the sick prevent people from migrating to find additional work. In the longer term, poor households may never recover even their initial low standard of living (UNDP 2009). This clearly shows the linkage between HIV/AIDS and poverty at household level because it le ave a poor household in chronic poverty such that it will be difficult to come out of it. Like poverty, HIV/AIDS epidemic is affecting the sub-continent of Saharan Africa more severely than any other parts of the world with 63% of global AIDS cases occurring in the region (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011).This shows a relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty in the region because in sub Saharan high Africa there is high poverty as well as HIV prevalence. Jooma, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) cited that, the number of Africans living below the poverty line (less than 1 US dollar per day) has almost doubled from 164 million in 1981 to 314 million people today. She further contends that 32 of 47 African countries are among the worlds 48 poorest nations.Therefore, HIV is high in Africa as compared to other continents of the world as well as poverty. However poverty and HIV and AIDS have a close link in diminishing human lives. Poverty and mobility are critical dimensions of vul nerability to HIV transmission (FAO 2001). Therefore, driving force behind migratory movements is poverty. ILO (2005) put forward that, poverty increases the risk of HIV/AIDS when it propels the unemployed into unskilled migratory labour pools in search of temporary and seasonal work, which increases their risk of HIV/AIDS.UNDP (2009) in the same vein eludes that, poverty especially rural poverty, and the absence of access to sustainable livelihoods, are factors in labour mobility of the population including cross border migration and acceleration of the urbanization process, which contributes to create the conditions that sustain HIV transmission. However such situations widens the web of sex networking, and in this way it will facilitate the early rapid spread of HIV. This means that, poverty increases peoples mobility exposing them to infection when they are away from their families.In this way poverty and HIV are synergistic and symmetrical in nature because in this essence, pov erty create a migration platform which at the end expose people to HIV infection because of long time away from sexual partners. HIV and AIDS and poverty have strong bi-directional linkages. HIV/AIDS is both a manifestation of poverty conditions that exist, taking hold where livelihoods are unsustainable and the result of the unmitigated impact of the epidemic on social and economic conditions (ILO 2005).HIV/AIDS is at the same time a cause and an outcome of poverty and poverty is both a cause and an outcome of HIV/AIDS. HIV and AIDS mainly affect the productive age of 15-60. ILO (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS causes impoverishment when working-age adults in poor households become ill and need treatment and care, because income is lost when the earners are no longer able to work, and expenditures increase due to medical care costs. Therefore, this means HIV reduces household income generation because labour will be diverted to care for the sick person.Unlike other sicknesses, HIV/AIDS does not target the poor. Whereas poverty may increase an individuals susceptibility to infection by HIV/AIDS and vulnerability to its physical, social, and economic impact, HIV/AIDS itself is not ex ante linked with poverty. In addition HIV and AIDS increase consumption at the expense of production. Moreover, households often expend their savings and lose their assets in order to purchase medical care for sick members. Assets may have to be sold when many households are facing the same need, and such distress sales are often ill-timed and at a loss.This lead to chronic poverty and it directly affect livelihoods. Women are more vulnerable than men to HIV infection because of, biological, cultural, lack of education, inheritance among other factors. In the same vein FAO (2001) alludes that, in many places HIV infection rates are three to five times higher among young women than young men. In addition to Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011) posits that, fifty-eight percent of all Tanzania n adults living with HIV/AIDS are women. This shows women are most likely to be infected by HIV and AIDS.Scott et al (2011) argues that, gender inequality and poverty deprives women of their ability to fulfil their socially designated responsibilities, and therefore debases them, often forcing them into prostitution which exposes them to HIV infection. Therefore, children raised in poor households face a large risk of achieving a low level of educational attainment and dropping out of school. Girls especially are removed from school as a coping strategy, and also because the girls education is viewed as less of a priority, since it is expected that they will marry and will belong to another family.Women in Tanzania also have severely limited access to education, employment, credit, and transportation as a result northern coastal womenmarried and unmarried, young and oldare increasingly turning to sex work, exposing them to a high risk of HIV infection (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011) . This increases poverty in women which expose them in risk behaviour such as commercial sex. This is because if women are denied to access education they will not find employment in a formal to cope with their basic needs also they will be vulnerable to sexual exploitation by men because of poverty.ILO (2005) alludes that, poverty drives girls and women to exchange sex for food, and to resort to sex work for survival when they are excluded from formal sector employment and all other work options are too low-paying to cover their basic needs. Therefore, commercial sex exposes women to infection and it is mostly necessitated by poverty. In this essence a link between HIV and AIDS and poverty is when poverty forces people to enter into risk behaviour in order to gain living.Therefore, poverty create reasons for women to practice commercial sex also because of poverty they can justify themselves for example women in Mkwaja village Tanzania in who were saying they accept that it is now the female burden to provide for their children, they said they risk dying from AIDS for the sake of our children (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011). HIV/AIDS and poverty have a link in affecting the food security at both household and national level. Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS and poverty combined have a debilitating effect on agricultural sector of the poor countries, and more effect in poor households.Therefore, a major impact on agriculture includes the depletion of human capital, diversion of resources from agriculture, and loss of farm and non-farm income, together with other forms of psychological impacts that affect productivity. Since agriculture is the only source of food, reduction of labour cause severe food shortages in HIV and AIDS affected households. Households experiencing food shortages as a result of poverty and effects of HIV/AIDS increase the chances of fast progression of the illness and inevitable death of the ill person.Given that maln utrition is a function of poverty, there is thus a good reason to assume that poverty helped hasten the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (Nattrass, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). Therefore, both HIV and poverty exert tremendous pressure on the households ability to provide for the basic needs like food. Poor nutritional status is linked to vulnerability to progression from HIV infection to mortality. Poor nutrition weakens the bodys defence against infection, and infection in turn weakens the efficiency of absorption of nutrients Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011).HIV is often associated with morbidity leading to labour shortage and loss of income. In the same line UNDP (2009) postulate that, people with chronic illness are often unable to work, therefore, leading to income reduction. They also need care from other household members, thus limiting their productive activities and doubling the loss of income which results in poverty. (Wyss et al cited in UNDP 2009) found tha t time lost due to illness by people living with HIV was approximately 16 days per month, while uninfected household members spent 8. days on average to care for affected family members, reducing their time for other activities and occupations. This clearly shows that HIV/AIDS divert labour to attend to a sick person. The link between HIV/AIDS and poverty in this essence is that, HIV deepens poverty through income reduction necessitated by labour diverted to attend to the sick person. Also on top of income reduction HIV increases consumption of available resources through medical expenses thereby leading to chronic poverty. UNDP (2009) reveals that, among the poor, up to 47% of income went to coping with the disease.Although the relationship between, poverty and HIV/AIDS are synergistic and symmetrical in reducing peoples wellbeing. There are circumstances which they are not linked for instance in least developed countries a large number and a substantial fraction of public sector p ersonnel with a capital of skills, training, and education, and of experience in management and policy-making notably in the fields of health and education are being removed from the labour force as a result of AIDS at a time when the need for their services is greatest for development (ILO 2005).Therefore this shows that, AIDS can affect people regardless of their economic status. Therefore, not only poverty expose people to HIV infection by risk behaviours such as multiple sex partners associated with wealth. More over availability of income may cause individuals to be mobile and being exposed to commercial sex workers. In another study, HIV and education had a negative relationship in urban areas and a positive link in the rural areas (Hargreaves and Glynn cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Where a positive link was found, the authors suggested that persons, especially men, with greater levels of education may have more disposable income which, in turn, allows them greater access to travel and increased opportunity for contact with commercial sex workers. The study found that generally the highest prevalence of HIV was found amongst the well off individuals/households, particularly affecting rich women, as opposed to poorer and rural households (Shelton et al cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).The findings pointed out that wealthier people tend to have the resources which lead to greater and more frequent mobility and expose them to wider sexual networks, encouraging multiple and concurrent relationships. But it was also observed that the wealthier people tend to have greater access to HIV medications that prolong their lives and are more likely to live in urban areas, which have the highest prevalence (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011) However, there are, exceptions to the relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty, in particular in Africa where some countries with very high HIV prevalence rates are also among the richest UNDP (2009).In line with t his argument (FAO 2001) alludes that, there are some powerful critiques of the poverty-AIDS argument, which claim that many of the worst affected African countries such as Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa are among the most economically developed in the region, poverty does seem to be a crucial factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. In conclusion, HIV and AIDS and poverty are related and they complement each other.Therefore, high HIV prevalence is mainly fuelled by poverty which leads into migration and exercise of commercial sex by women to gain a living. Moreover poverty increases the progression of AIDS because of lake of medical services. More impacts of HIV and AIDS are seen in poor households because they cause more health defects as compared to a rich household. One may argue that, poverty creates a platform for people to be infected by HIV and if they are infected poverty further deepens its roots.This is because of liquidation of productive asserts in trying to cope with dise ase. Although HIV affects all people with and without income, it has great impacts to a poor person. Finally impacts of HIV and AIDS in rich countries and households are not visible because of access to medical facilities. The impacts of HIV and AIDS are mainly visible in poor household who do not have funds to access treatment. Therefore the relationship between HIV and AIDS and poverty are synergistic and symmetrical in nature without compromise.REFERENCES De Waal, A. and Whiteside, A 2003 The New Variant Famine Hypothesis, Commission on HIV/AIDS and Governance in Africa, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia FAO (2001) The Impact of HIV/AIDS on rural households and land issues in Southern and Eastern Africa. Economic and Social Development Department http//www. fao. org/wairdocs/ad696e/ad696e04. htm Accessed on 12/02/2013 ILO (2005) HIV/AIDS and poverty the critical connection, Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work www. ilo. rg/aidshttp//www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_protect/protrav/ilo_aids/documents/publication/wcms_120468. pdfAccessed on 12/02/2013 Mwambete, K. D. and Justin-Temu, M. (2011). Poverty, Parasitosis and HIV/AIDS Major Health Concerns in Tanzania, Microbes, Viruses and Parasites in AIDS Process, http//cdn. intechopen. com/pdfs/20651/InTech-poverty_parasitosis_and_hiv_aids_major_health_concerns_in_tanzania. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 Scott, E. Simon, T. , Foucade A. L. , Theodore K. , Gittens-Baynes, K. A. 2011) Poverty, Employment and HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and Tobago Department of Economics The University of the West Indies. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 15 THULISILE GANYAZA-TWALO and JOHN SEAGER HSRC (2005) Literature Review on Poverty AND HIV/AIDS Measuring the social and Economic Impacts on Households http//www. wsu. ac. za/hsrc/html/ganyaza-twalo. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 UNDP, (2009). Impact of HIV/AIDS on household vulnerability and poverty in Viet Nam. U nited Nations Development Programme. Viet Nam. Culture and Information Publishing House.

Laptop and Samsung

A. Executive Summary This paper is digested on Samsung Electronics Co. , and it has four major harvest-festival pull ins. Digital Media dividing line produces digital electronics for both person-to-person and transmission line uses. Telecommunication line produces variety of mobile phones and supply to carriers liquid crystal display line produces flat screen monitors used on TVs, cellphones and computers. Last, semiconducting materials product line produces warehousing chips used on computers and cell phones. For each product lines, we exit be talking ab fall out their history, records of success, risks and opportunities, and recommendations.Lastly, we will give recommendations regarding how the company should relegate itself to be to a greater extent attractive to investors. B. Introduction Samsung was founded in 1938 and are located in Seoul, South Korea. The founders name is Byun-Chull Lee. Samsung means three stars in Korean. It started as a trading export company. In 1969, they became Samsung Electronics Co. And now it has become one of the largest engineering companies known universe of discoursewide (Samsung Electronics, 2011). It is about known for its flagship products the Galaxy smartphone and its LCD screens.Samsung became a publicly traded company in 2000. It has four major lines of business, Digital Media, Telecommunications, LCD, and Semiconductors. C. Four Lines of Business 1. Digital Media Digital media is the line of business that consists of both of Samsungs digital consumer products, both home and personal use. These products include personal computers, MP3 players, cameras, televisions, and home appliances. Samsung puts forward innovative designs, select world-leading products, and power efficient products. Digital media consisted of 37% of all gross sales in 2010 (Sustainability Report, 2012).Samsung Distribution ChannelAs you can envision from the graph below is was the majority of Samsungs sales. In the 1970s, Samsung ca me out with its outgrowth black and white televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, and by the end of the decade color televisions. In the 1980s, Samsung was marketing air conditioners, personal computers, and the worlds smallest video tape recorder. Since the 1990s, Samsungs innovation boomed. They came out with the worlds first digital television, the worlds first Blu-ray disc player, the worlds first HD camcorder, and the worlds thinnest television (About Samsung, 2012).Samsung excessively led the home entertainment business into the 3D market. Digital medias record of success is definitely significant. Its sales numbers have improverd by about 4 billion USD. Unfortunately, the profits are very low compared to its sales. This is receivable to Samsungs high investment in research and cultivation. You can see the difference between sales and profits in the graph shown below. The biggest risk for the digital media line of business is whether the large investments in resea rch and development will pay off against its competing products.Many electronic companies invest heavily in creating better products and imbedding innovative technology in them, so the competition is very high for this line of business. The only way for a company to be successful is getting its products in the most consumers hands. So that is why Samsung invests about 6. 2% of total sales into research and development (Sustainability Report, 2012). This enables Samsung to ensure that its products are of the best quality, have the most innovative technology, provide convenient and advanced features, and have a stylish design.Research and development will always be one of the biggest investments of a successful technology company. Samsung should continue its high investments to secure its place as the leader in technology and innovation in this industry. Since Samsung is a global leader in technology, it should use this advantage to lead the rest to the next level of innovation. Samsu ng has already lead others in the 3D home entertainment business now it has the opportunity to go further and create more advanced products that will lead its consumers to a more advanced and convenient lifestyle. 2. TelecommunicationsSamsung Telecommunications is one important line of Samsung Electronics. It is known as Samsung mobile and wireless, which provides a variety of personal and business communications productions, such as mobile phones, tablets, and wireless infrastructure equipments (Samsung, 2011). In 1988, Samsung Electronics merged with telecommunication, which then became a product line of Samsung Electronics ( gild history, 2012. ). In 1986, Samsung released its first built-in car phone, but it failed due to the poor products qualities. But, the company did not give up on telecommunication product line.In 1992, Samsung developed its own mobile phone systems. In 1997, they developed worlds smallest CDMA mobile phone (Company history, 2012). Samsung became the lead er in the personal communications service market. Samsung Electronics has been successful since the company expended business into global market. Samsung took first step and exported its personal phones to Sprint, an American CDMA carrier, and then Samsung extended into GSM market. The companys phones are compatible with the networks of leading wireless service providers, including AT&T, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile USA, and Verizon Communications.It has powered Samsungs appendage in the telecommunications industry. The bestselling Galaxy S smartphones was launched in 2011. It has been sold more than 20 cardinal units around the world. In 2012, Samsung Electronics was ranked the 17th of global 500 companies by the Financial Times (Samsung annual report, 2012). By end of second quarter 2012, Samsung Electronics accounted for 330 million or 21. 2% of worldwide demand of mobile phones (Samsung annual report, 2011). (See Fig. 1. ) Fig. 1. Samsung Smartphone merchandise shares in 2011 19. 9% (Samsung) The major risk was patent lawsuits.Samsung Electronics has involved with lawsuits in more than 10 countries between Samsung and Apple (Wingfield, 2012). Opportunity for Samsung is that partnership with more carriers, which would answer Samsung Telecommunication to expand their business and market share. The recommendations for Samsung telecommunication is that focus on unique technology design. I think that will not only dish Samsung avoid lawsuits, but as well increase the market share and customer royalty. 3. Samsungs LCD Display A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat screen monitor that is made of a thin liquid crystal layer in the middle.LCDs are used in many incompatible applications such as, televisions, mobile phones, laptops and computers. LCD screen has been one of the best-selling products of Samsung, yet it tranquillize faces risks and needs some improvement to attract more customers (Mote, Stansell, & Greenland, 2010). Mote et al. (2010) recount that Samsung created LCD technology in 1991. The LCD panel was first used for laptop computers and showed at a world trade event in Japan. The first LCD display for laptop computer was 9. 3 inches. In 2002, Samsung introduced a 54-inch digital LCD television monitor-the largest LCD television in the world at that time.Today, Samsung is the most famous LCD maker in the global market (Mote, Stansell, & Greenland, 2010). According to About Samsung (2012), Samsung sustained the highest profit among LCD manufactures over the world in 2007. In 2009, Samsung became the first company that sold more than ten million LCD televisions in the first half of the year and more than five million LCD panels per month. Epperson shows that, total segment revenue of LCD was about 62. 6 trillion U. S dollars in 2011. There were about 330 million shares, and the price was 1,067 dollars per share.Samsung has also maintained the largest market share in the global LCD televisions from the first quarter of 2011 t o the second quarter of 2012 (About Samsung, 2012 Epperson, 2012). (Data collected from www. statista. com) Although the record of success of LCDs seems really outstanding, Samsung is veneering many risks. One of the risks that Samsung confronted was about LCD patent infringement. In 2008, Sharp filed the suit against Samsung in the U. S. District Court for violating its four patents related to a technology to improve the picture quality of LCDs. Then, Sharp expanded the suit to South Korea in December of the same year.Samsung fought back in the same month with lawsuits in Japan and the U. S. For some reasons, Samsung won over Sharp in Japan, but lose the case in the U. S. In 2009 US International Trade accusation began to block Samsung LCD products. Samsung also faces price war from other serious competitors such as LG, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic. In Standard & Poors Equity Research, Samsungs LCD sales are decreasing due to the very competitive prices other competitors offer co nsumers (Patel, 2012). Base on LexisNexis Academic (2012), Samsung just created a youthful technology of LCD called Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED).This is another type of flat panel display which is very thin and flexible. Samsung announced that it will use AMOLED to invent a radical model of its mobile phone named Youm, and the product will be introduced at the beginning of 2013. This is considered as a bright opportunity for Samsung in the future to increase its LCD revenues and profits (Samsungs flexible, 2012). (Google images) To overcome risks and be more attractive to investors, Samsung should obtain LCD patent protection. For example, when any LCD design is created, Samsung should scan for a license or trademark to protect the company from copyright.Samsung also need to focus on Research and Development investment to create naked technology, new products and find out ways to lower the production costs, so they can compete on price with others. 4. Semiconductors The decision of entering the semiconductor business is essential to Samsung. Byung-Chull Lee, the founder of Samsung, realized how big the high-tech electronics market would be in the future in mid-1970s, and that Samsung has to be a major player. Because of that, he intractable to form Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications Co. in 1978.However, South Korea is lack of technological expertise, and thats when the South Korean government steps in. The South Korean government undeniable foreign telecommunications equipment manufacturers to hand out advanced semiconductor technology, in order for them to get access to the South Korean market. (Data collected from IBIS World) Semiconductor is one of the most successful product lines in Samsung. The sales of semiconductor have increased from 32. 6 billion dollars in 2010 to 33. 5 billion dollars in 2011. Moreover, its net income has also increased from 16 million dollars in 2010 to 48 million dollars in 2011.In fact, the companys semiconductor segment consists two major split memory and LSI (Large-Scale Integration). Like the past 15 years, Samsung has topped the position in the dynamic random-access memory in 2011 with 42. 2% of shares. For the LSI segment, Samsung produces LCD panels for computer monitors and notebook displays. In 2011, Samsung has about $26. 5 million of revenue from LCD panel business (IBIS world, 2012). One of the biggest customers to Samsungs semiconductor product line is Apple, which is recently considering switching to another semiconductor manufacturer.Losing this huge customer will definitely risk the market position of Samsung, as it is now at the top of the semiconductor manufacturing market. Opportunity for the product line would be its rising demand. There is a growing demand on semiconductor out in the market. Although the demand of desktop computers is slowing down, which will walk out the sales of memory part of semiconductors, demand of tablets and smartphones is raising rapidly, which will lead to a rise in demand of semiconductor (Epperson, 2012). There are still a lot of rooms for the sales of semiconductor to grow.Increasing production of semiconductor due to its raise in demand may not seem problematical in the future. Manufacturers are now developing automated production in order to decrease their production cost. Samsung can start increase semiconductors supply to these robots, since those parts will boost the demand for the sophisticated electronics that control the robots. D. Conclusions and Recommendations for Samsung One of the important recommendations is technology innovation. Samsung Electronics is a high-tech company, which provided support for innovation in the areas of technology.Product lines involved with other companies regarding the patent lawsuits. Lawsuits have negatively impacts on companys growth. In order for company to maintain sustainability and remain competitive in the industry, we recommend that the Samsung Electronics should focus on unique technology designs. In that way, it will protect the company from getting sued and attract more customers. Samsung should also increase semiconductors productions by finding opportunities to aid and be a supplier to other smaller electronic companies. Again, the company hould invest more in R&D projects, so it can built new technologies and new products in order to compete against its competitors. E. References About Samsung. (2012). Corporate profile. Retrieved from http//www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/ Epperson, L. (2012). Samsung Electronic Co. , Ltd. Hoovers. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Hoovers database. Mote, D. , Stansell, C. M. , Greenland, P. R. (2010). Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. In International Directory of Company Histories, 108, 433-440. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Gale Virtual Reference Library database. Patel, A. (2012).Samsung Electronics. Standard & Poors Equity Research. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Net Advantage database. Sa msung Electronic. (2011). FY 2011 Annual report. Retrieved from http//www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/newsMain. do. Samsung. (2012). Samsung Company history. Retrieved from http//www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/history04. hypertext mark-up language Samsung. (2011a). Samsung 2011 annual report. Retrieved from http//www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/newsMain. do Samsung. (2011b). Samsung Telecommunications. Retrieved from http//www. samsung. com/global/business/telecommunication/productInfo. do? tgrygroup=11&ctgrytype=18&b2bprdid=146 Samsungs flexible AMOLED display codenamed Youm in the works. (2012, April 11). Kashmir manage (India). Retrieved Nov. 28, 2012, from LexisNexis Academic database. Sustainability report. (2012). Global harmony with people, society, and environment. Retrieved from http//www. samsung. com/aboutsamsung/sustainability/sustainabilityreport Wingfield, N. (2012, August 24). Jury awards $1 billion to Apple in Samsung patent case. The New York Times. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2012/08/25/technology/jury-reaches-decision-in-apple-samsung-patent-trial. html? _r=0

The Islamism: Origin, Ideology, Aims & Objectives

Nations around the world follows different ideologies to generate a direction for themselves. An ideology is a way of thinking, a set of beliefs, aims and ideas. It sets the vision for the multitude attached to it. Its purpose is to bring a specific change or carry out a certain task among its followers in amity with a thorough thought process. When ideologies differ it gets difficult for the pot belonging to a certain group to stay coherent. Ideological differences allow triggered such events that were gear up to be powerful enough that they demand shrugged the atlas several times.Wars had been fought by those who reject leading their life in the ways that conflicts with their own ideological beliefs. Muslim Ideology Islam is a religion of having faith in the oneness of God, finality of Prophet-hood, following the code of conduct according to the principles mentioned in the Holy Book and practicing the preach of Holy Prophet. Islam emphasizes on building individual characters in an exemplary way so that a foundation of an ideal society could be laid.All Muslims progress to been ordered by their God Almighty to follow instructions prescribed in their Holy Book Quran, the purpose of this guidance is to lay down a way of life in which the laws mentioned in the book regulates a mens relationship with other men and with his God. It provides a guideline for a humanness to maintain his social life along with his communion with the God. It indicates to a Muslim in his quest for knowledge, principle that enhances his capability to observe universe and nature with much understanding.Quran is not a book of science its basically a book that deals with the basic principles of human life it preaches belief in oneness, immateriality, rectify-down power of the creator, charity for needy, brotherhood among mankind, subjugation of passions, the concept of accountability of human actions in the life after death, a system that teaches men to be appreciative to all th ose who help and development of a sense of social consciousness by c befully performing those actions that are sensible and right and avoiding those that are veto and harmful for self and others.Islamism Islam provides Muslims a code of conduct that has been written in the Holy Book. Muslims are supposed to understand and follow it and when it comes to understanding there are different possible interpretations of the same text. Islamism is not a single concept rather its a product of different ideologies that exists within the umbrella of Islam. Islam is a religion that provides guideline for the Muslims around the world. Islamism has ideological conflicts.In general all these ideological groups call them Islamists, a group of people that all told rejects accepting unconsecrated governments and institutions and aim to align the entire world and its establishments in accordance to Sharia, the Muslim Law. One single society could have several directions of Islamism contributing to the fact that its been initiated by different groups trying to enforce their own ideologies and they seemed to never cooperate.Islamism expects its followers to align his life in complete adherence to the sacred law of Islam and completely rejects any foreign influences that may try to force any law or code of conduct that contradicts what is being mentioned in Islamic law. Islamism has in its decide anger for non-Muslims and it condemn west to greatest extent. What it aims is to convert a religion into a kind of ideology. Origin of Islamism A little more(prenominal) than bonny cc years before Muslim world was considered the hub of science and literature.Muslim scholars have laid such foundations that were later used by European researches to build extremely beneficial artifacts that have amazed the world. During the prime era of Muslims, there were mathematicians, doctors, scientists, philosophers, researchers and artists that people from around the globe used to come and lear n from them. The theories presented by Muslim scholars are the basis of most of the modern scientific inventions and innovations.The downfall arose when the Muslim world interacted with the Europeans its dated around 200 years back in 1798 when Napoleon get in Egypt and the Muslim worlds came in contact with the Europe. From here came the influence and impact of European culture and civilization on the Muslims. The two nations are not discrepant but the ideological differences became evident when conflicts triggered events that lead to development of anger and hostile feelings among contradicting nations. According to Daniel PipesThis confrontation was clearly shown in the aftermath of the fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini against Salman Rushdie. Contrary to usual expectation, the lines in 1989 were drawn not between Muslim and Westerners, but between those who supported the ayatollah, or in some fashion sympathized with him, and those who were against him. One found more Muslims and Westerners on both sides. This illustrates how it is ideas that count, not religion. (Distinguishing between Islam & Islamism, 1998)The origination of Islamism is neither a single event nor responsibility of a particular person. It is the fundamentalist Islamic court carried forward by those Islamic radicals that completely rejects the western culture and way of thinking. Series of events in history builds such anger among the Muslims that were once the most winning nation on the map of earth that they started to rebel and participate in destructive activities so that world could again come in their control, this time if not by education or technology then by force and devastation.Aims and Objectives There cant by another explanation of Islamism but just that its same the other utopian schemes that have been proposed and adopted world wide and provides its followers ways and guidelines to control a state, take measures that help foot race a society and extend philosophies in ord er to re-make human beings inhabiting that state. The concept has been given an Islamic touch but over all its a totalitarian scheme. It embodied a complete transformation of the actual traditional Islam.It has an element of modernization, for instance it deals with issues related with a modern society, address problems arises in urban living and modern day women issues, and it provides guidance for the non-traditional problems faced by my occupations. It completely ignores Islamic principle of restricting laws and regulations to the individual and society rather it tries to inject geographically restricted rules in its effort to come at par with western style geographic law. Its not a system that has evolved as re answer power of poverty and money.Its a reaction to modernization by those thinkers that try to find their own ways out in changing world surroundings and politics. Many educated people are Islamists and running their states according to their own ideology. Islamism has been evolved lately as a huge force that is responsible for running countries like Iran, Sudan and Afghanistan. In Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, and Palestine they exists as the strong opposition force. Though its been observed that Islamists are not in majority but even if they consists of minority its a very active one.The countries where they have establishments they are very successful and they not only run their own territories but they also interfere in their neighborhood and participate in overall world politics. Its been feared that if they grow their powers they will be responsible for contraction of economic stability, women oppression world wide, human right violation, terrorism and arms race. The ideas presented by Islamists belonging to different countries differ in ideologies and they are very difficult to predict.All Muslims are all well awake that they were the superior military and cultural force in the world for centuries, and the reversed situation in the mod ern ages hurts the pride of Muslims. As many Muslim countries have tried to copy both the capitalist system, and others the socialist system, and all have seen little but marginal success, Islamists are working for re-establishing what the promote as a third alternative a political system that they claim is similar to the one which once made unknown tribes grow into becoming lords of empires in a few decades.But in order to create such a society, the Islamists are not rejecting modern technology, and are very concerned about pass this on a grand scale in an Islamist society. And because of the technology, the Islamists believe that the coming Islamist society will be an even better society than the one of the booming Age. (Islamism, 2008) Even if what Islamists are trying is to bring the Golden period of Muslims back they are overlooking the fact that being intolerant, conservative and violent is something that was even effective by Muslim rulers of history who ruled the world.A liberal Islam that encourages peace and harmony has always been the pride of a Muslim. Islam in its fundamental teachings promotes tolerance and love. Islamists have originated from people having moderate background living in cities. Mostly youngsters have are its prime followers. They dont consider themselves to be the revolutionaries rather they formulate they are bringing the lost values back to the culture and society.Islamism condemns the economic system that world follows and suggests the Islamic economic system where interest rates should be replaced by investments made on profit and loss basis. When it comes to women they have contradicting views leading from conservatives to liberal. Sometimes they encourage women to work outside and sometimes they advocate women taking caution of their families as their prime concern. The Islamist ideology could in no way support democracy, dictatorship is what they profess.A leader is responsible for listening to peoples problems and so lving them accordingly. The Islamists have started to adopt a violent approach towards addressing different issues and demands for almost last two decades and are considered responsible for many destructive activities killing thousands of people worldwide. Nowadays, Islamists have been feared as a long term threat as there are growing powers day by day with more and more young people joining their force.

Evaluation of story board “Unrelated incidents” Essay

My video is intended to portray unrelated incidents in a way which my gcse hearing would understand it is as well as designed to increase the dramatic impact of the poem and there for increase the pupils understanding of the poem.i started the video with the project of big Ben at six oclock, this is the form employ to start the BBC news so I matt-up that it was an appropriate image to start this poem as it is about the news and how its read. The reason I choose a spell with a posh Standard English voice to do the narration for this subdivision is that this is stereotypically the kind of voice used to introduce the BBC news. Also the image and the voice create a image of typical English news which would increase the impact of the next section on the audience.The introduction of the Glaswegian man is the most effective and best way of presenting the poem as written to an audience through a video. The image of the man standing in a field with mountains and a lake in the backgro und, rolling a cigarette is a dramatic contrast to the image from the first section of typical Englishness. The man is meant to institute the average everyday man from Glasgow, as the poem appears to be a look at that persons perspective on the news, and the English stance towards him. The sky would be moving with the storm clouds gathering to show the mans anger at the way his treating gathering and increasing.This section is meant to show the mans disgust at the office of the scruff towards him because of his accent so he would be being sarcastic with these comments. The sky moving would again show the mans anger rising. The image in this section contrast sharply with the next image this should semi-shock the audience increasing the impact. Through out the video I am trying to create a facial expression of contrast this is to show how sharply the image of the Glaswegian contrasts with the image of the man with the BBC accent.This scene is showing how the man is different and i s rebelling against the constraints of society (a image which members of my teenage audience would agree with there for increasing the impact.) The heap in the suits represent the BBC accent and the mans clear dislike of them and opposition to them(shown by his violent walk against the flow.) The people in the suits are withal meant to be shown as the scruff which the man despises. The way the scruffs ignore the man shows how they dont think hes important enough to worry about. This leads on to the next scene.This is designed to show how the truth is ignored if its spoken by the Glaswegian despite people knowing its true, the man in the suits attitude is showing again how the Glaswegian is ignored because of the way he looks and speaks. The man in the suit shows how society doesnt care about the man because hes not part of the scruff.The man is narrating with the clip of Trevor Mcdonald talking to demonstrate adept of the scruffs talking. This image also brings the subject of the video back to the news which is of course the basis of the poem. This scene is then followed by a similar scene, which shows the image of the Glaswegian as one of the scuffs talking. This section is shown in the newsroom to show how despite being different what the man says is the truth. This section of the poem is about how the man is one of the scruffs.The image of the television is used so that the violent action of the TV being smashed is shocking and contrasting. The reason I nurture put the man from the bench standing with the spurt and speaking with a strong accent is to put across the message that sometimes people are not what you expect them to be. Also this image is a clear ending with camera fading to black.The entire video is designed to portray the anger, bitterness and contempt the Glasswegian man has towards the scruffs. It is supposed to show this in a interesting and different way, I think that the dramatic changes in camera shot and scenery would help to keep th e interest of the audience.The reason I have chose to include Rage against the machine song break stuff is because the lyrics of this song as well as being well known are also very appropriate for this poem. Lyrics like its just the rage built up in side of me, fist in the air in the land of hypocrisy would help to portray the poems message also the song would help hold the audiences attention. The reason I chose not to include it during the last section is that it would distract somewhat from the narrators words also the last section is very important if students are to understand the poems message.I did not feel the need to portray every image in the poem visually as I felt many were self explanatory using just aural techniques. Also I felt that it would increase the audiences interest if they had to actually search for the meaning and reasoning behind some of my scene choices.

Globalization and Global Warming

Memorandum This memo serves as an in haveative and analytical document discussing globalizations largest threat global warming. I will cover the following issues What is global warming and how is it being caused? Who is contributing to its advancement? The threats and consequences of global warming Recommendations we feces do to slow global warming Global change and Its Cause Global warming could nonplus started as early as the 1860s callable to the Industrial Revolution that began after the Civil War. This was a time of invention and creation where man made machine and machine changed society.Not only did the machine change society, but it also changed the atmospheric gases more specifically, glasshouse gases. Greenhouse gases consist of hundred dioxide known to cause the greatest sum up of global warming methane gas, ozone, and nitrous oxide. These four greenhouse gases actuate as a binding over the surface of the earth. As the sun hits the earths surface, the h eat is reflected back towards the sun. The heat is then contained by the greenhouse gas blanket and warms the earth. Without this blanket, we would live in a very cold valet de chambre.This atmospheric balance the earth provides is currently being tested by man. What happens when we expel our own greenhouse gases? The blanket thickens and it side drums in more heat. This extra heat upon the earths surface is known as global warming. Therefore, global warming can be defined as the effect that amplificationd greenhouse gases deliver on the earths atmosphere. The increase of greenhouse gases ar the result of two stintingal factors the burning of fossil fuels for energy, and deforestation for industrialization. The first factor contributes to the majority of the xpelled greenhouse gases that is The Burning of Fossil Fuels As globalization spreads and increases industry, it also increases the deposit of polluting gases into the atmosphere. One such gas is carbon dioxide. The rele ase of carbonic acid gas is more specifically caused from the burning of oil, coal, and gas. These triple natural fuels, which are used in manufacturing and industrial growth, have established roughly 75% of human generated CO2 emissions expelled into the atmosphere during the past 20 years (IPCC WGI). Here is a graph supporting the increases of CO2Indicators of the human yield on the atmosphere during the Industrial era pic (IPCC Chart 1) As you can see, this graph stops in the year 2000. Assuming there was an energy increase in the past 6 years by rapidly developing nations such as China and India, along with true nations consistent energy use, we can also strike the CO2 concentration has continued its vertical climb. Deforestation The destruction or clearing (as some companies might put it) of the worlds forests are due in most part to agricultural needs and industrialization.Why scientistists agree that this practice is detrimental to the enviroment can be summed up in tw o ways 1. trees act like sponges that suck in carbon dioxide and convert it to oxygen 2. when trees are burned, they release the s partd carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, adding to the pollution Hence, the more trees that are burned, the less carbon dioxide gets harbored. According to Greenpeace, Thirty percent of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere over the past 150 years is thought to come from deforestation, but this is a small amount compared to what is still stored in forests.The Canadian and Russian boreal forests alone hold 40 percent of the worlds carbon stocks (Greenpeace Science). In other areas of the world, carbon stocks are non being contained, but continually released through deforestation. Global forest Watch, an independent oprganization that provides current in make-up on forest development stated In 2002, closely 47% of the Brazilian Amazon was under some type of human pressure recent estimates comparing this figure with new data from 2005 show tha t human pressure has increased by 7% (Global forest watch).Not only are we losing the possibility of finding rare tropical plants that could be converted into pharmaceuticals, but we are also destroying indigenous communities that dot the Amazon rainforest. It is understandable that deforestation is need for civilization, but there are ways we can curb its destruction and preserves the rainforests. Contributors of Global Warming If your means of transportation today did not consist of walking or riding a bike, chances are, you contributed to the burning of fossil fuels. Americans would not be able to survive without the use of fossil fuels.We produce them in our cars, our homes, and even in our waste. The bottom line is fossil fuels create energy, and we need energy. So, it is not affect that Americans are responsible for 25% of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, despite having only 5% of the worlds population. (Stix 47) This makes America the largest polluter in th e world. It is evident that when a acres becomes a world leader through Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the focus becomes business. The need for business profits by corporations apitalizing on industry have an impact on the environment. Unfortunately, many industries do not harbour into consideration the cause their business has on the environment. Below is a chart comparing three countries the linked States, Former Soviet Union, and Japan and their CO2 emissions pic (IPCC Chart 2) In 2005 according to the CIA World Factbook, these same three countries had GDPs of $12. 3 trillion, $4 trillion, and $1. 6 trillion respectively (GDP). While the U. S. has nearly doubled its GDP, you can bet as a developed nation, it has also increased it CO2 emissions.But, developed countries like the coupled States and Japan cant be blamed for emitting all the CO2 into the atmosphere due to their industrialization. We must also appear at developing countries such as China and Brazil who, while as piring to increase their standard of living, are also increasing their energy use. As these nations develop and increase their industrialization, they inturn release substantial amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. With the ever-increasing CO2 emissions and deforestation, what does it mean for the stability of our enviroment? The Threats and Consequences of Global Warming?The aforementioned greenhouse gas emissions and the deforestation bear on have been contributing to the global warming crisis. The most recent supporting evidence was reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control (IPCC) in 2001. Established in 1988 due to modality change curiosity, the IPCC is composed of over 2,000 scientists and is regarded as the foremost authority on climate change by the United Nations (Wikipedia IPCC). They concluded, through a 2600 page comprehensive analysis of scientific re search, that global warming is in fact caused by CO2 emissions and eforestation. According to the IPCC, the two elementary factors of global warming are temperature and sea direct. Using the latest research and the current trends in global warming, the IPCC guessions through the end of the 21st century are as follows (IPCC SPM) A rise of global temperatures from 2. 5 to 10. 4 F A rise of Sea levels from 4 to 3 Rising of Global Temperature The effects of this variable are quite profound. Scientists predict it could increase the frequency and magnitude of hurricanes similar to what happened on the U. S. s Gulf Coast in the fall of 2005.They predict it could also do the same to El Nino which is felt on the due west coast especially in Southern California. Southern Californias dismissal season begins towards the end of summer, due to the dry climate. In the fall of 2002, San Diego felt the effects of an out-of-control fire. What started as human error, continued for weeks, as brush and forest fires tore through San Diego Country. Its duration and strength was assisted by warm El Nino winds. Since El Nino thrives from available heat, you could say global warming is feeding El Ninos hunger.In 1998 National Geographic had this to say about El Nino El Ninos abnormal effects on the main components of climatesunshine, temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, cloud formation and ocean currentschanged weather patterns across the equatorial Pacific and in turn around the globe In the past 98 years there have been 23 El Ninos and 15 La Ninas. Of the centurys ten most powerful El Ninos, fourthe four strongesthave occurred since 1980. (Suplee) Considering it is possible global warming energizes the climate event El Nino, it can also melt glaciers.A widespread retreat of non-polar glaciers during the 20th century, and a 10% decrease in world snow cover since the 1960s was captured by satellite imagery the shrinking of snow cover and the retreat of glaciers are not expected to slow vote out during the 21st century (IPCC SPM). Researchers agree t hat melting glaciers coupled with melting ice sheets, like those covering Antarctica and Greenland, will become significant factors in causing the sea levels to rise. Rising Sea Levels Rising sea levels could devastate coastal tourism spots. This may become a very costly problem for coastal cities.The environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated a one foot rise along the eastern seaboard by 2050. According to researchers, if this rise were to occur on the west coast, which is more likely than not, California would lose 2-4 feet of beach due to erosion. pic (IPCC Chart 3) The EPA also had this to say about rising sea levels Rising sea level inundates wetlands and other low-lying lands, erodes beaches, intensifies flooding, and increases the salinity of rivers, bays, and groundwater tables. Some of these effects may be further compounded by other effects of changing climate.Measures that people take to protect private property from rising sea level may have adverse effects on t he environment and on public uses of beaches and waterways. (EPA) dismantle though the damage to the U. S. s coastline would be expensive, planet earth has over 4 billion people outside the U. S. that live on a coastal plain. (Greenpeace Going) Rising sea levels could completely demolish low-lying coastal cities around the world New York, Miami, Tokyo, San Diego, and London are a few such cities that could endure rising sea levels first-hand.Poor, undeveloped countries that lack technology, would be the ones to lose entire populations from a force that is beyond their control. What can we do to stop this rising heave? Recommendations to Slow Global Warming Adhere to the Kyoto Protocol Increase forestation Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol, which began in 1997, has developed an international treaty to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The boilers suit goal is for countries to lower these emissions to 1990 levels by 2008. For the policies to take effect, 55 countries that accounted for at least 55% of the greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 must ratify the protocol.The founders of the Kyoto Protocol United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), require countries that have ratified the protocol to Enhance energy efficiency methods on the countries largest polluters Tax economic sectors that are the countries largest polluters Research, develop, and implement new forms of energy Promote forestation (UNFCCC) Only a few countries have said no to this protocol. Unfortunately, the United States is one of those countries. As a world leader, we should ratify the Kyoto Protocol and enforce its requirements on our industry.Our government could give tax cuts for companies utilizing new technology with a low-carbon output. This technology could be in the form of hydro-electric, wind, or solar power. We could also enforce strict pollution policies to regulate and limit what can be released into the environment. Other enforcements could be directed at e ntrancing the CO2 in the atmosphere through forestation. Increase Forestation Forests act as sponges to suck up, or decrease, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Curtailing the lumber and logging industry in the U. S. is a first step towards increasing forestation.This is especially true of the industries in and around the Amazon. Because rainforests are denser than ordinary forests, they absorb much more carbon dioxide. Plus, the rainforests trap in precipitation to prevent flooding, and preserve bio-diversity and indigenous cultures. Another, more realistic approach is to plant trees and re-grow the forests. One example of this approach is happening in China. ascribable to deforestation, the Chinese government requires those between the ages of 11 and 60 to plant up to 5 trees per year they claim to have planted 1 billion trees in the past 20 years. (Wikipedia Deforestation)Conclusion Global warming affects everyone it has no boundaries. It is not intended to directly harm othe r cultures and peoples, but it inadvertently does through continually reduce for the environment. This disregard happens when nations become industrialized more specifically from burning fossil fuels and the deforestation process. But, we do have the power of choice. The citizens of the United States should step forward and assume responsibility. It is our duty to contribute to the reduction of global warming by regulating our CO2 emissions, and even becoming aware of our paper consumption.With the assist of other developed nations, we should be implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices to deter our current pollution. These technologies might come at a high price. But, in the long run, it could reduce the costs and damages associated with the foreseeable climate change. Works Cited CIA World Factbook. List of countries by GDP (PPP). Wikipedia. 2006. 18 Sept. 2006 EPA. Coastal Zones. Environmental Protection Agency. Jan. 2000. 15 Sept. 2006 Greenpeace. Going, Going , Gone?. Greenpeace.July 2005. 13 Sept. 2006 Greenpeace. Science. Greenpeace. 2006. 14 Sept. 2006 Global Forest Watch. Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests. 2006. Global Forest Watch. 17 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Chart 1. Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere. IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Chart 2. par between GDP and CO2 emissions for selected countries. Climate Change 2001 Synthesis Report 5-6. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Chart 3. Third Assessment Report Climate Change 2001. IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Climate Change 2001 SPM The scientific Basis. IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 IPCC. Climate Change 2001 Working Group I The Scientific Basis. IPCC. 2001. 16 Sept. 2006 Stix, Gary. A climate Repair Manuel. Scientific American Sept. 2006 47. Suplee, Curt. Unlocking the Climate. National Geographic May 1998. 13 Sept. 2006 UNFCCC. Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. UNFCCC. 1998. 19 Sept. 2006 Wikipedia. Deforestation. Wikipedia. 2006. 19 Sept. 2006 Wikipedia. Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change. Wikipedia. 2006. 12 Sept. 2006