Systems Theory Intervention - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5851 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Social Work Essay Did you like this example? The aim of this assignment is to analyse my intervention with a service user and her family whilst on my 80-day placement. Whilst on placement I critically explored the social work value base, having demonstrated how I worked within the framework of the social work process. I used a variety of intervention methods, however, I am going to examine the effectiveness of one method in detail, systems theory. Before commencing this assignment I spoke to the service user, her family and placement agency, asking permission to write about my intervention with them and everyone agreed to this. I assured them of confidentiality, names have been anonymised, and no reports or confidential documents have been included. I understand the concept of respecting individuals, and will not disclosure any material that will result in a breach of a persons integrity. Biesteck 1961, (cited in Dominelli, 2002) says confidentiality is a characteristic of the social work profession together with respect and self-determination. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Systems Theory Intervention" essay for you Create order The agency was part of the voluntary sector, located in an area of regeneration, with high levels of deprivation, poverty, and homelessness, being established because there was a recognition that the area was particularly needy due to high levels of unemployment, crime, lone parents, pensioners, poor housing, and people experiencing health and social problems. The agency contributes to alleviating some of the pressures of everyday living helping a diverse group, and targeting those who are most vulnerable, offering a varied support system. To improve the well being of those suffering poverty, deprivation, discrimination and other forms of oppression services including generic/family support, housing support, young carers, farming and rural health, 50 forward, HIV/Aids, and Active 8 are offered. By providing free support and advice to the community the agency enables individuals to empower themselves to access a range of services putting them in touch with health, community care services, voluntary agencies and support groups. Underpinning the work of the agency is the legislation of the Every Child Matters/Youth Matters Framework and, working within this agenda, the agency hopes to improve the lives of children and young people. Listening and working in partnership with families, and young people, to provide support, enables development of opportunities and appropriate action plans to improve outcomes. Using case work and one-to-one individuals are empowered to develop strategies and plans to deal with issues such as parenting, schooling, behaviour, debt, housing, mental health, relationship breakdown, benefit support and domestic violence. The agency has a good working relationship with the Childrens Directorate and other organisations and continues to update it policies and procedures according to new government frameworks and agendas. The agency works in partnership with childrens centres, schools, social services, health teams, educational welfare teams, housing associations and various others, provid ing ongoing support and intervention. At the agency I worked within the Children and Families Team, my role being a Family Support Worker. Practicing my role, I collaborated with social services, school, and other support networks giving a holistic service to my clients, which was important to achieve positive outcomes (Trevithick, 2000). My intervention was with a 12-year-old girl, who I will refer to as Amy, who had been referred by social services; her behaviour was causing concern due to relocation with her father and stepfamily. Amy had previously lived with her mother, with whom she had a good relationship, however, she involved Amy in age inappropriate conversations, had depression, alcohol issues, and allowed Amy to witness scenes of domestic violence. Amys mother was unable to care for her, and she was fostered until a few months ago. For several months Amy had been living with her father and stepfamily, and was finding it difficult to adapt to her new living arrangements. Social services had previously been involved, albeit in another region, hence the local authority felt further support and guidance was necessary to alleviate some of the familys problems. I have drawn a genogram to establish Amys direct family and stepfamily, a genogram enables immediate visual representation of the individual or family being assessed. (Parker and Bradley, 2006, pg.40). I did not attempt to include any extended family, the family being rather complex, as my main concern was to support Amy and her family to resolve their issues. (Please see appendix.) I supported Amy and her family to adapt to their new living situation, my work including one-to-one support, family support, advocacy and mediation, counselling skills, negotiation, adapting strategies and interventions to enable the family to adjust, supporting their emotional well-being and allowing them to move forward. My objectives were to resolve the conflict, address inappropriate behaviour, and support Amy with relationship issues with her father, boundary setting, and build her self-esteem. However, after my initial assessment, it became clear that all the family needed support; therefore, my interventions would have to involve the family as a whole. My work involved implementing positive strategies to support relationship building, empowering the family to change and become accustomed to the new family unit. I worked within the guidelines of Every Child Matters, green paper published 2003, underpinned by The Children Act, 2004 (Parker and Bradley, 2006) in order to recognise areas of need, and work with the family to try and achieve positive outcomes. Using the ASPIRE model, an essential tool which links assessment, planning, intervention, review and evaluation (Parker and Bradley, 2006), enabled me to highlight my clients needs and work effectively with them to improve their life opportunities. The social work process begins with referral, from which I acquired as much knowledge as possible in order to assess Amys family background, and the environment I was entering. It is important to identify any potential danger or risk before making home visits, for yourself and colleagues, (Trevithick, 2000) so in order to avoid mistakes I adhered to the lone worker policy of the agency, checking this with my work based supervisor. For all visits I detailed the address, time schedule, base contact, making sure to have my mobile on me at all times, and was responsible for entering details onto the agency case management database. By undertaking this responsibility I achieved Key Role 4 of the National Occupational Standards (NOS) Manage risk to individuals, families, carers, groups, communities, self and colleagues (cited in Higham, 2006). Assessment is a continual process, and changes with circumstances, so is central to making a difference. It concerns making judgements whilst remaining non-judgemental (Middleton, 1997). I found myself reflecting on this when undertaking the assessment. According to Milner and OByrne (2002) If assessment is effective then it makes it more likely that intervention will succeed (cited in Parker and Bradley, 2006 pg.8) My first visit to the family was with a social worker from the initial assessment team, enabling her to inform me of the family background. The social worker wanted to introduce me to the family and explain my involvement, and her subsequent withdrawal. As this intervention was early on in my placement I felt reassured having the social worker present, and it made the first contact less nerve racking. I asked key questions, gathered factual evidence in preparation for my intervention, meeting Key Role 1 of the NOS, enabling me to build a picture, examine all factors, focus and prioritise. Consequently, by looking at the wider picture and other social environmental elements I was able to work together with the family, and apply appropriate strategies to resolve their issues. First contact is very important, and I used my interpersonal skills to establish good engagement, communication is a central feature of interaction. (Thompson 1996, pg.8). During assessment, and throughout my interventions, I demonstrated the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Rogers, 1951) effectively by listening, showing respect, being open and honest as to how much we could achieve, whilst demonstrating anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice. This is the initial stage of systems theory, building a trusting, safe, understanding relationship, where we were able to identify goals, plan, make recommendations and negotiate to achieve the desired outcomes. I felt it was important to establish a relationship built on mutual trust and respect so I conducted my assessment, and subsequent visits, in the family home so that they all felt comfortable (Koprowska, 2005). I asked questions, actively listening and observing interaction at the same time, as according to Coulshed and Orme (1998, pg.48) Systems theory requires interviewing, assessment skills and counselling skills. Assessing the family dynamics, I made the decision to first and foremost support Amy and focus on her well-being, as I feel children are owed a greater duty of care. I wanted to make her feel secure and rebuild her confidence to enable her to flourish, and also because she was the presenting problem for the family. It was apparent that social, personal and economic factors were impacting on the family and they needed to overcome these obstacles in order to achieve positive outcomes. Using systems theory made it difficult to identify where to intervene. The complexity of their lives made it difficult to address single issues as they were interrelated, but if they could manage some issues maybe it will enhance their lives to some extent. Amy in particular was suffering intellectually, emotionally, and socially due to her feeling isolated, having relocated. At the same time Amy was also trying to cope with her past traumas, including the impact of witnessing domestic violence. Using myself as supplementary support I hoped to assist Amy to achieve permanent, stable, emotional and social relationships, allowing her to manage the transition from one family unit to another. Accepting there were multiple needs, I assessed that work with the family, as a whole, was also needed, in particular Amys father. He was in denial concerning Amy, and regarding the conflict and tension the situation was creating. Hence he was unable to find a solution to his own problems. I empathised with their situation, as their own strategies were proving ineffective. We discussed how to achieve an improvement building on their strengths, adapting and incorporating them to make a realistic goal plan. Looking at their positives and strengths promoted not only anti-oppressive practice but increased the familys motivation allowing them more potential, builds on peoples strengths rather than analysing their defects, providing help rather than treatment. (Doel in Hanvey Philpot 1994, pg.23) After completing my assessment of the family we worked together to construct a plan of action, which according to Coulshed and Orme, (1998) are essential practice skills when using systems theory, allowing me to achieve Key Role 2 of the NOS. My work with Amy and her family included identifying problems, acknowledging that change was needed, listening to what the family wanted, implementing survival strategies enabling them to cope, whilst being non-judgemental and non-directive. We clarified and prioritised what issues needed addressing, empowering the family. This enabled me to ascertain what help they thought they needed, not necessarily what I thought. I felt this was important, as I wanted to work with the family, not for them, to achieve positive outcomes. Dominelli (2002) reinforces this, change is easier if the directions that professionals and users wish to follow coincide. (Pg. 25) The second stage of systems theory, is where I worked with the family to address their needs, engaging them to work with me and achieve their potential. Using my communication skills I gained their trust, which allowed me to get the family to co-operate and participate in determining the direction of change. My role as a professional was not to take sides, but to treat all members with respect, promote negotiation, and offer assistance with goals. These had to be realistic and achievable so together we came up with the following plan: Introducing strategies to help address Amys behaviour Advocating, acting as a confidant for Amy, enabling her to feel less isolated and able to speak freely about her mother Relationship building with Amys father using attachment theory Family support working together to remove barriers implementing positive parenting, and building relationships Work with step-mother to address feelings of inadequacy, and low moods (she was mildly depressed about the family situation) Weekly visits to discuss how the changes were working, and if not adjust accordingly, offering emotional support. The aim was to improve Amys behaviour and integrate the family, building relationships, so that they could live peacefully together block dysfunctional interaction patterns, and coach the family in new behaviours. (Davies 2002 pg.149) My interventions consisted of a number of methods, the family structure being complex. It was important to understand their needs, as not all families comply with the nuclear family structure, and have differing needs. My original referral was to work with Amy but this was deflected and became the whole family, therefore, I had to adapt using such methods as systems theory, person-centred, attachment and some task centred. I chose these methods to identify the needs of the whole family, as I felt certain methods would work well with the different individuals. The methods of intervention I used were to some extent influenced by agency policy, although the approaches used were unrestricted. I would have liked to have spent longer with this family but the agency remit is for effective short-term work, supporting families with early intervention. Prevention and well-being are important agency agendas so as to avoid dependency. The agency has funding to perform certain types of work; therefore, a cost centred approach is used, closely monitoring business and action plans to establish outcomes. The agency uses the person centred approach to empower individuals, working within Every Child Matters, Youth Matters and Local Area Authority agendas, making the services accessible to all so it has to limit expenditure and distribute evenly across all projects. Within the family support project the agency preferred to use positive parenting strategies to empower families. I tried this method with Amy and her family but felt it was ineffective and to some extent patronising; hence I adopted my own interventions. The interventions I used were not questioned, as positive results could be demonstrated, although regular case reviews were carried out to monitor progression, discuss ways forward, and the effectiveness of methods used. If no progress was visible it would be suggested that the case be closed or referred to another agency. I used systems theory, which evolved from biology and engineering and was developed by Pincus and Minahan, 1973, being further developed by Goldstein, 1974, (Coulshed Orme 1998), in my intervention as it is interactive and focuses on the consequences of one persons actions on another. The background to this method is scientific and complex, suggests all organisms are made up of subsystems, which in turn are affected by environmental factors, super-systems. Each system will have its own subsystem, with different objectives, enabling functioning. Although I used this method, to work positively with the family and its subsystems, it is debateable in relation to its significance to social work (Healy, 2005) as it uses complex language, relies heavily on science and maths, and does not fit in with human activity according to Germain, (1979) (cited in Payne, 2005). All systems have inputs, throughputs, outputs and feedback loops (Payne, 2005), which can be applied to social systems, with all elements interconnected and mutually dependent. The action of one part not only affects others but may rely on them for its continued existence and undoubtedly the survival of the complete system, although according to Siporin, (1980) in practice this does not seem to happen, and it should not be assumed all parts are interrelated to maintain equilibrium. Families connect as a unit; go through life cycles, and what each member does effects the rest of the family, circular causation (Davies 2002 pg. 148). Problems arise because of inadequacies in the functioning of the system, or family. Consequently I had to assess contributing factors, such as the home, friends, family, school and neighbourhood as to why the malfunction had occurred, as exchanges between these systems will effect change in the family. Using this method I identified the family as a system with subsystems to see how it was impacting on Amy. All systems have boundaries and in the familys case I needed to assess if these were permeable or rigid. Boundaries are complicated, and by encouraging social workers to look at other issues which may be irrelevant, personal issues can get neglected (Siporin, 1980 cited in Payne, 2005). Systems theory was valuable, as it dealt with everyone rather than each individual, and improved functioning as a whole. Hanson, 1995, argues the value of systems theory is that it deals with wholes rather than with parts of human or social behaviour (cited in Payne, 2005). I felt this method would benefit the whole family as effective communication had broken down, and it involves all members, the family hierarchy, rules, boundaries, and promotes change and stability During this period of adjustment to the new family unit Amys family had their own individual challenges and struggles. When change occurs families often struggle, finding it difficult to interact. Systems theory concentrates on interactions and relationships (Koprowska), therefore, offering this method enabled me to assist the family, supporting them while they restructured. Social workers are the maintenance mechanics oiling the interpersonal wheels of the community. (cited in Howe, 1996 pg.54) Pincus and Minahan (Payne, 2005 pg.145) identified 3 helping systems: informal or natural systems i.e. family formal systems i.e. community group societal systems i.e. schools and 4 systems within social work; the change agent system, the client system, the target system and the action system. Using this method I identified myself as the change agent system, Amy, her father, and stepmother as client/target systems, with the whole family, myself and school as the action system. Working alongside other members of the action system provided support, allowing me to use them as a resource to achieve the aims of the intervention. Amys behaviour was the familys main priority as this was having an adverse effect, resulting in dysfunction of the system. Her behaviour was a way of gaining attention and linked to the separation from her mother. Amy felt rejected, not part of the family, resulting in her feeling isolated and alone. I felt Amy needed nurturing, a self-esteem boost and attachment to her father. We needed to work together to address Amys behaviour, before it became unmanageable, and allow her to change being conscious of the feedback loop that works within the family, or system, allowing capacity for change (Coulshed and Orme 1998, pg.47). Amy expressed a desire to be heard, feeling no one cared and everyone was against her, especially her father. I suggested weekly family meetings to allow the family to adapt to their new situation, air their views, without interruption, and to establish boundaries. This proved extremely effective, was enjoyable for them, and provided all the family with a role, addressing issues together. The family were able to support each other integrating each system to some extent. To manage Amys behaviour I gathered some information off the agencys positive parenting website to present to Amys parents, as I thought these would be useful and of interest. I did not wish to patronise or preach but open up their options, offering more tools and empowering them to set goals for themselves. I reassured them of their strengths, discussed expectations and to expect setbacks, however, by being realistic, persevering, and with support the outcome could be favourable. I assured them that children are extremely resilient, can thrive, and if a child resides in a safe, nurturing environment they will grow to feel secure. A bad start does not always necessarily mean a bad future. I noticed Amy reacted differently in the presence of her father and appeared a little apprehensive. After a number of visits it became apparent that Amys father was oppressive and belittling towards her, making her feel inadequate and useless (Dominelli, 2002). On one occasion he actually said to me Have you read her story? Its useless, its all about herself. There was tension in the room and I felt concerned at his remarks but contained myself by focusing on Amys vulnerability. Amy was unable to speak for herself so I advocated for her, meeting Key Role 3 of the NOS, and replied Yes Ive read her story and its really good. Many bestsellers are often autobiographical. I felt it was of utmost importance to deal with this system sooner rather than later. Payne (2005) suggests it helps to identify the source of oppression to work in an anti-oppressive way, incorporating an anti-discriminatory perspective. One of the benefits of systems theory is that it is very broad; hence, you are able to integrate it with other theories to promote positive outcomes. Giddens, 1984, argues by incorporating theories it allows for a strong emphasis on peoples capacity for influencing their social situation. (Payne, 2005 pg.149) In order to enhance Amy and her fathers relationship I introduced attachment theory alongside systems theory. Attachment, defined by Ainsworth (1989) as an affectional bond (Prior, 2006, pg.57), and according to Bowlby, (1951) is when a strong bond does not develop at an early age affecting a childs social and emotional development. Amys father, being absent from her life, played no active role, therefore, she had not attached. Amy had a negative attitude towards her father as he ignored her, did not listen and prevented communication with her mother. He was unknowingly oppressing Amy with his negativity, and he thought by ignoring her she would be quiet. I encouraged building a relationship, being more positive towards each other, with her father praising her for good behaviour etc. To improve Amys behaviour we devised a reward chart, using token economy, although criticised by some as unethical, it worked because the action system was consistent, and Amy enjoyed it. This method worked, improved her well-being, boosted her self-esteem, allowing her to identify her difficulties, empowering her to acknowledge that she needed and wanted to change her behaviour. We set realistic, achievable tasks for gradual change, encouraging Amy to participate, boosting her confidence. Occasionally Amy found the tasks difficult so we reviewed and adapted them as necessary, giving her praise and incentives. Amy was crying out for love, approval, and abasic need for acceptance, however, communication had broken down. Re-building Amys relationship with her father established trust, and she felt secure enough to express her feelings. Amys father became more positive and accepting, making me question my thoughts and feelings towards him earlier in the intervention. I believe it is important to be aware of your feelings, recognising changes in order to manage them. Thompson, (2000) states: It is also important to note that a non-judgemental attitude is important as a basis for a sound working relationship (pg.110). To support them I used emotion cards allowing communication of thoughts, feelings and understanding of one another, which worked really well. It allowed them to spend more time together, getting to know each other, and form an affectional bond (Prior, 2006, pg.57), enabling Amy to talk freely about her mother. The experience benefitted Amy providing security and enabling her to grow in confidence (Bowlby, 1951). Leaving the cards with the family, I suggested they spent time exploring their thoughts and feelings to address underlying issues. In order to move forward Amy needed to talk about what happened with her mother and these cards were beneficial to her emotional well being, giving her coping skills. We reviewed events weekly and it was encouraging to hear that the family used the cards during a family meeting, empowering themselves. Although, systems theory was the foundation for my intervention I also used Carl Rogers (1951) person centred approach to establish an open, honest relationship with the family (Koprowska, 2005). I chose this method with Amy and her stepmother, who I will refer to as Susan, as I felt it would be individual to each member and they would drive it, also it would encourage depth and exploration of their feelings (Mearns and Thorne, 1999, pg.51) shows that she understands the feelings and thoughts being expressed by the client. I wanted to support them both emotionally empowering them to embrace change and move forward. Using person centred counselling with Amy was extremely important, allowing her thoughts and feelings to be heard, and promoting anti-oppressive practice. By asking Amy what she wanted, listening, keeping her informed, giving feedback, and involving her in the process I counteracted her negative image of adults, allowing her to take control and empower herself, building her self-esteem. This approach allowed me to create conditions of trust to overcome constraints and see the situation from her perspective. This was important as it allowed me to build a positive relationship with the family. I presented Amy with a secret diary to record her thoughts and feelings to discuss weekly. We discussed her behaviour and how this impacted on the family. Causing rifts within her stepfamily put her at risk of isolation, and also of possibly being put into foster care again, as Susan felt unable to cope. I highlighted to Amy that the family situation was not ideal for all members, not just herself, however, by working together to achieve a compromise issues could be resolved. Persuading her this was the way forward was a skill, according to Coulshed and Orme, (1998), essential to applying systems theory. By showing Amy respect, valuing her and maintaining confidentiality she reflected on her behaviour and saw how this affected her family. Supporting Amy and Susan allowed emotional development, as both were in a vulnerable position regarding their family situation. Being empathic and understanding encouraged them to feel secure enough to share information knowing I would respect their confidentiality, at the same time unburdening themselves. Using Rogers principles alongside systems theory built up trust between us, with no barriers, encouraging an equal relationship. Mearns and Thorne (1999, pg.97) sum this up, Mystery evokes the illusion of power; transparency dissolves it. This contributed to sustaining a good working relationship. Susan found issues within the family really stressful and felt unable to cope, being in the middle of all the arguments. This affected her mental well-being, and I felt she was close to walking out on the family. I had to rectify this system fairly quickly or risk the subsequent breakdown of all the systems. Susan was the pivotal system holding the others together so I worked alongside her to seek solutions. She actively engaged in other activities such as using the emotion cards and spending time with Amy in order to build a relationship but she was finding the situation draining. We talked openly enabling Susan was able to express her thoughts and feelings, although tearfully. I supported Susan showing empathy and told her not to expect too much of herself. I felt the family demanding too much of her, and she was trying a little to hard to please everyone. I suggested some time out, leaving the family for an hour or so to cope on their own, even if it was only going round to her dads or a friend. Susan needed a break from the stress factors to recharge herself. She felt unburdened talking to me, as I was actively listening, and she was really appreciative, so I suggested that she talk to her husband, explaining her feelings. This was effective as her husband had not realised how she was feeling, being caught up in his own thoughts, resulting in her feeling calmer and more able to cope. To support Susan further I intimated to Amy that maybe the rest of the family could cook a meal for Susan to show how much they loved and appreciated her, which would boost her self-esteem. This would enable each sub system to carry out a task, working together achieving a family purpose, and improve functioning. As a result of the intervention the family interacted more optimistically, which is the central aim of systems theory (Healy, 2005). I regularly reviewed the work undertaken with the family, and my assessor, adjusting and adapting strategies to suit their needs. Mediating between the different systems enabled me to re-establish less destructive relationships. My intervention with this family was very intense and I became very close, and maybe a little too friendly, with Amy and Susan, going home mentally drained. I used my supervision to express these feelings, asking for guidance on professional boundaries and methods of detaching. My assessor, acted as a container (Froggett, 2002), providing me with direction. This helped me focus on my strengths instead of my weaknesses. Learning is an ongoing process; hence I was able to develop new skills to effectively manage my practice. The final stage of systems theory is the ending, a significant element of the structure (Healy, 2005). At the outset I explained to the family that my intervention was only short term, avoiding dependency. Coulshed and Orme (1998) suggest termination is built in from the beginning (pg. 118). Systems theory is only a temporary solution and families often need more support, therefore, not wishing to leave Amy without support, I put in place, with her familys consent, other networks at school for when my placement ended. Amy was sad I was leaving, however, systems theory enabled me to explore her feelings and we discussed the benefits of continued support, and she was happy to be referred to a school counsellor. Abrupt endings, in which the service user has no part in the decision-making, leave room for the event to be interpreted as a rejection or abandonment. Miller (2006, pg.45) Amy had made good progress at home and school, and the family were adapting and managing their new family unit with the tools provided, attaining equilibrium for the present. My last two weeks were in a supporting role rather than an intervention and as Trevithick (2000) states providing the right kind of support we could release the momentum and motivation towards self- sufficiency and independence called self-actualization (p.33). Implementing systems theory allowed me to understand the family, respond appropriately, and highlight their strengths (Healy, 2005) whilst promoting anti-oppressive practice. Systems theory helped each system within the family, allowing me to promote change at micro level, if only on a small scale Healy (2005). Using systems theory allowed me to gain an overview of the family, and consider how social structures impacted on them (Parker and Bradley, 2006). I was able to think more widely, integrating systems theory with other methods, allowing me to identify and concentrate on more than one system. Although using systems theory allowed me to integrate other theories I could not have used it on its own, as it would have been inadequate, In seeking to be relevant to all presenting problems, generalist models are relevant to none. (Barber, 1991, pg.28 cited in Milner and OByrne, 1998). Without using the person centred approach I would not have achieved any depth, or built a trusting relationship with the family. A barrier I faced when using systems theory was that it is too general, with no clear guidelines as to the correct way of applying it (Leighminger, 1978 cited in Payne, 2005). I did not know what to expect, or how each system would react, thus I had only limited control over the intervention. Another problem with systems theory is the lack of empirical evidence to explain why situations occur or connections exist within families (Healy, 2005). Families are hard to understand, changing all time, Complex familial, social, . Factors and their interconnections can be difficult to identify and unravel (Trevithick 2006 pg. 280) and although systems theory allowed me to observe the family in their environment, it is complicated and does not explain how families interact daily, when not faced with challenges. I found my intervention fulfilling, although I was not sure I had the ability or expertise to assist with such a complex structure. My weaknesses were highlighted, however, I developed my practice to manage these. The family still have a long way to go, as I had insufficient time to address all their problems. Nevertheless, I feel confident that by laying the foundations on which to build I helped them to make sense of their situation and adapt accordingly. It was extremely satisfying to identify some positive outcomes, and by providing the tools, offering support and guidance, the family empowered themselves to improve their lives. Placement experience provided me with various learning opportunities, which enhanced my skills and increased my self-confidence. I was able to demonstrate skills learnt during my first year and incorporate these into practice, alongside theory, allowing me to communicate with, and empower individuals to take control of their own lives. Finally, being part of a system enabled me to ensure people are receiving the resources and services adequate for their needs. Bibliography Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (2002) Social Work Themes, Issues and Critical Debates, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Coulshed, V. and Orme, J. (1998) Social Work Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Davies, M. (2002) The Blackwell Companion to Social Work, 2nd edition, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Dominelli, L. (2002) Anti-oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Every Child Matters (2005) Background to Every Child Matters (h ttp://www.everychildmatters.co.uk/aims/background/ Froggett, L. (2002) Love, Hate and Welfare, Psychosocial approaches to policy and practice, Bristol, The Policy Press Hanvey, C and Philpot, T 1994 Practicing Social Work, London, Routledge Healy, K. (2005) Social work theories in context: creating frameworks for practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Higham, P. (2006) Social Work Introducing Professional Practice, London, Sage Publications Ltd Howe, D. (1996) An Introduction to Social Work Theory, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Company Koprowska, J. (2005) Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Social Work, Exeter, Learning Matters Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1999) Person-Centred Counselling in Action, 2nd Edition, London, Sage Publications Ltd. Miller, L. (2006) Counselling Skills for Social Work. London, Sage Milner, J. and OByrne, P. (1998) Assessment in Social Work, Basingstoke, MacMillan Press Ltd Parker, J. and Bradley, G. (2006) Social Work Practice: Assessment, Planning, Intervention and Review, Exeter, Learning Matters Payne, M. (2005) Modern Social Work Theory, 3rd edition, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Prior, V. and Glaser, D. (2006) Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders: Theory, Evidence and Practice, London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers Thompson, N (1996) People Skills. A Guide to Effective Practice in the Human Services, Basingstoke, Palgrave Thompson, N. (2000) Understanding Social Work Preparing for Practice. Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Thompson, N. (2006) Anti-discriminatory Practice. Basingstoke, Palgrave Trevithick, P. (2000) Social Work Skills, A Practice Handbook, Berkshire, Open University Press Trevithick, P. (2006) Social Work Skills, A Practice Handbook, 2nd edition, Berkshire, Open University Press

Substance Abuse Among Nurses Essay - 920 Words

Introduction Over the years, substance abuse in the United States has become a persistent issue affecting many individuals. In 2008, it was estimated that 17.8 million Americans over the age of 18 where substance dependent (Epstein, Burns, Conlon, 2010). Many of these individuals being affected are nurses. Ponech (2000) stated that approximately 10% of the nursing population has alcohol or drug abuse problems, and 6% has problems serious enough to interfere with their ability to practice (as cited in Talbert, 2009, p.17). Studies show that nurses have a 50% higher rate of substance abuse compared to the rest of the public (Epstein et al., 2010). Among the many factors that contribute to the nurse’s issue of substance abuse,†¦show more content†¦As in the emergency department, nurses were 3.5 times as likely to use marijuana and cocaine (Young, 2008). Nurses are using substances as a coping mechanism to their stressful work environment. Excessive workload due to the nursing shorta ge, shift rotations, working longer hours and floating to different units leads nurses to high stress levels (Epstein et al., 2010). In addition to alcohol and substances nurses can access in the streets, nurses can also abuse substances at work through their patients medications. Easy access to the drugs is another important factor contributing to nurses who substance abuse. As stated by Serghis (1999) the availability of medications in the workplace has been linked to substance abuse among nurses (as cited in Talbert, 2009, p.17). Part of the nurse’s duty every day is to give medication to their patients, which exposes them to have easy access to drugs. Nurses who take medication from their patients for their own personal use are always using the maximum PRN dosage when other nurses use less (DeClerk, 2008, p. 12). The healthcare field accepts the use of medication and so nurses may perceive the wrong idea by making use of patients drugs themselves. Medications are easily accessible to nurses, who may believe erroneously that they have the ability to control their own medications use because of their experience with administering medication to patients (Talbert, 2009, p. 17). In the caseShow MoreRelatedSuicide And Substance Abuse Among Nurses1687 Word s   |  7 Pages Suicide and Substance Abuse Among Nurses Associating nurses with the word suicide or drug addict is a taboo concept. Nurses are seen as the gate keepers to those that are sick and disabled. Due to the increase in incivility and workplace bullying in healthcare nurses are experiencing an increase in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. Organizations currently do not impose mental health screening for new and current nurses ranging from a numerous amount of reason. UntilRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction Among Nurses1121 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch question or problem of interest? The question of interest I choose is; impaired nurses that choose not to seek help, are disciplinary policy that are punitive a factor in the choice not to seek help. I used Medline, a few nursing journal sites, and the EBSCO Library to look for information related to my research question. The article I found is Don’t ask don’t tell: substance abuse and addiction among nurses, this article is fro m the Journal of Clinical Nursing. Identify and explain the elementsRead MorePublic Health Problem : Substance Abuse Among Nurses1024 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Problem: Substance Abuse Among Nurses Introduction As a healthcare professional, we are responsible for the delivery of high quality patient care. Substance abuse among nurses is an issue that threatens professional standards and can lead to poor patient outcomes (Rohma,2012). 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Could it be because of the high levels of stress along with the incredible toll working in the field of nursing takes on the body? Several different reasoning’s have been brought forth throughout the years, but nothing changes the fact that this is an increasing problem that has to be dealt with within the profession. â€Å"Addiction among nurses has been recognized by professionals in the field for over 100 yearsRead MoreDrug Abuse And Substance Abuse1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines drug abuse as, â€Å" It becomes drug abuse when people use illegal drugs or use legal drugs inappropriately.† This may include; the repeated uses of drugs to produce pleasure, alleviates stress, and/or alters or avoids reality. The perc eption of addiction and substance abuse has been widely known for many years, but the medical community has failed to accept and publicly this issue among it own members. 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Nurses who are abusingRead MoreSubstance Abuse and Chemical Dependency1703 Words   |  7 Pageswebsite, Substance abuse is used to describe a pattern of substance (drug) use leading to significant problems o r distress such as failure to attend work/school, substance use in dangerous situations (driving a car), substance-related legal problems, or continued substance use that interferes with friendships and or family relationships. Substance abuse, as a disorder, refers to the abuse of illegal substances or the abusive use of legal substances. Alcohol is the most common legal drug of abuse. ChemicalRead MoreSubstance Abusers Do Not Have A Specific895 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abusers do not have a specific â€Å"look.† They come in the forms of all races, colors, ethnicities, genders, ages, and careers. According to Thomas and Siela (2011), â€Å"About 1 in 10, or 10-15% of all nurses, may be impaired or in recovery from alcohol or drug addiction. 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Principle of Australian Business Law

Questions: 1. Demonstrate a working knowledge and understanding of the principles of Australian business law within the context of the prescribed readings; 2. Identify and analyse relevant facts, problems and legal issues from a given scenario and develop an argument in response, discussing available options in the context of business law. Answers: Solution I I am the owner of a sea food business; I want to establish now a restaurant which is to be named "Catch of the Day. There are different areas of laws that are required compliance for the same. The Issues with respect to this case are: What are the compliances that are required under different laws in Australian for the business? The process of compliance requires identifying of the (a) regulations and law that are applicable to the business; (b) areas where the business can be at a risk of breaching it. Area of the law of that is applicable to the business is: (i) trade practice, fair trading, and consumer protection; (ii) contract law; (iii) industry code, licensing and standards; (iii) employment, anti-discriminatory, and privacy. Compliance with regulations and law imposed externally that is regulation and law which is enforced and administered by industry associations, government, regulators and any other outside bodies are termed as regulatory compliance. However apart from regulatory compliance, there is also compliance towards one's own contract which is the basis of commercial transactions. In the case of any breach in compliance the ACC (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission) and ASIC (Australian Securities and Investment Commission) are proactive in investigating and fining such breach of compliance. Thus, it necessary for opening the restaurant that all the compliances are followed through without any breach this will ensure that the risk of law breaking is minimized, and consequences for the same are not suffered. The organizations that tend to avoid or ignore compliance have to pay the heavy fine for the same. In the landmark case of ACCC v Visy (ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Limited, [2007]) the factor which the court had taken into account for deciding the penalty was that the corporate culture of the company was favorable to the compliance of the Trade Practice Act (now the Competition and Consumer Act 2010). However, the trial court judge stated that the Visy's Trade Practice Manual might have as well been written in Sanskrit for all the notice anybody ever took of it. In another case of ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty. Ltd. (ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty. Ltd, [2011]), it was opined that the advertising campaign that was launched by it "Think Big" with respect to their broad-band and internet was misleading in nature and hence they were fined. It is extremely important to comply with the provisions since Compliance it not only for keeping the regulators satisfied but also it can have essential commercial benefits. Thus, one of the compliances that the restaurant needs to ensure is that there is no conduct that could be termed as misleading. Under the Australian Consumer Law there are broad prohibitions that have been given for the acts that can be termed as misleading or deceptive and such representations have been prohibited. It is both enforcement and compliance that The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is engaged in with respect to claims labeling including the origin claims country. A business establishment in the first place would require the registration of the business name with ASIC, taxation registration, and industrial agreements. Thus, in the first I would be required to first register the name of the Company with ASIC. Intellectual property right is protected by the company by registering the trade mark which is not compulsory or registering the business name of the company which is compulsory significant Australia wide protection is provided on registration of the company for the name of the company. When the name of a business or a product is trademarked there is an exclusive right that is obtained on the name for using it in Australia. The registration of the trademark is required under either one or more of the classifications of the goods which are total 45 in number services or goods provided by the trademark that are registered (Banerji, 2011), since it is a restaurant it would be registered under Class 43. Thus in order to ensure that there is no other business in the Australia with the same name only registration of the company is sufficient however trademark ensures exclusive right to the business. A very important compliance is the compliance of the Australian Consumer Law and Sale of Good Acts and ensuring that there is no misleading conduct or representation. One of the landmark cases of misleading conduct has been the case of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 330 in which post ACCC's action it was found by the Federal Court that the consumers had been misled by Coles due to their representation that the in-house bakeries of Cole were baking the bread that was being sold by them (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd, [2015]). On the packaging of the bread, it stated that the bread was Baked Today, Sold Today' and in some places it was mentioned as Freshly Baked In-Store.' These products, in fact, were par-baked i.e. they had already been baked partially and then frozen off-site by a supplier and in some of the cases, this supplier was from overseas. These were then transported and finished in the bakeries that were in the house. It was opined by the court there was deceptive or misleading conduct that the Coles had engaged in, and the representations that had been made by them was false or misleading to promote the bread that they were selling. The declarations that the court made was injunctions were ordered, and the advertisement was asked to be corrected, and also $2.5 million was attracted. Thus, to avoid any kind of penalty, it must be ensured that at any cost there is no conduct of the business that could be termed as being misleading. Further at the time of leasing or buying a property for the business, it is necessary to ascertain which, are the fixtures to the property that will become the propertys part. There is as mentioned above a difficulty that arises in ascertaining the whether the property is a chattel or a fixture and this can be seen in the case of Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo (Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo, [2016]) wherein it was held by the New South Wales Supreme Court whether or not seats which had been bolted to the floor and were attached to each other in a theatre could be considered as chattels or fixtures. The court ultimately held that these seats were chattels and not fixtures, and the test had been laid down stating that chattels shall be determined on the basis of whether they have been fixed for some permanent purpose or for only temporary purposes(Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo, 1938). Solution II In the given situation there is a pizza business which is owned by Manny and Bella, who call the pizza joint Perfect Domino Pizza. They had wanted to buy from Tuscan a heavy duty oven. The requirement of this oven was that it could at least bake 30 pizzas an hour for 16 hours daily. The manager of Tuscan informed Bella and Manny that the Tuscan XX will fulfill their requirements. They prior to receiving the Tuscan XX advertised it as MB Oven, however, after installation, it was discovered that it was only 12 pizzas that the oven could delivery in an hour and it was not at all reliable. This oven due to its default caused the company profit. They went to Tuscan regarding this however Tuscan did not listen to them. In the given case there could be legal action that arises from Manny and Bella for (i) breach under the Sale of Goods Act, and (ii) deceptive or misleading conduct by the seller. There also lies a case against Manny and Bella for (a) infringement of trademark; (b) misleading and deceptive conduct and (c) infringement of the patent (Anderman, 2007). Solution The Sale of Goods Act states that for the purpose that the goods have been bought for they should be reasonably fit for that. There are three requirements that are required to be observed (i) the particular purpose for which the goods were bought for the buyer had informed the seller; (ii) seller's judgment and skill were relied on by the buyer; (iii) the product is of the type that the seller supplies usually. Since Manny and Bella had relied on the seller's skill and knowledge for buying the product and they had also prior informed the manager regarding the requirement. Other than that the store was supplying ovens to other buyers as well. Thus, there had been on the part of the Store a breach with respect to the reasonable fitness of the product (Jain, n.d.). Further, it has also been stated under the Sale of Goods Act that where there is the sale of goods by the seller to a buyer apropos of a particular description, then it is required that the product should be consistent with the description. Further even if the good was inspected by the buyer, he could still recover the damages as it was the sale by description (Beale v. Taylor, [1967]). Thus, Manny and Bella can recover damages under Sale of Goods as it was on the basis of a particular description that they had bought the product. In the case where goods are bought by the buyer on the basis of description then there is an implied condition that the good is of merchantable quality. There is a breach of implied terms of merchantable quality of products and fitness when it is on the recommendation of the seller that the goods are purchased (David Jones v. Willis, [1934]). Various statutory obligations have been provided under the Australian Consumer Law, which has been imposed upon the supplier and manufacturer of goods with respect to advertising and marketing (Merrilees and Cotman, 1976), liability towards product, guarantee related to the quality and safety of the product. The guarantee consumer protection has been made available to the consumer who either purchase, lease or hire service or goods the cost of which is $40 000 or less or which the consumer has acquire for purposes that are for domestic, household or personal use. Section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law prohibits any corporation to engage in a conduct which is either deceptive or misleading in nature, and this section of Australian Consumer Law is the provision that is most litigated and known. The section 18 has been designed to protect the consumers right. A deceptive or misleading conduct would be said to have occurred when an individual makes another individual make an error (Miller (2010) 241 CLR 357 at 368 [15] per French CJ and Kiefel JR Google Inc (2013) 249 CLR 435 at 465 [92] per Hayne J.). Along with section 18, there is also a breach under section 29 for misleading or false representation for which Manny and Bella can sue. There has been misrepresentation by the Company through its Manager stating that the oven could perform whereas in reality the oven was underperforming thus Manny and Bella would receive compensation for this misrepresentation as well. In another scenario Manny and Bell can also be sued for misrepresentation as they had advertised the oven bought from Tuscan as MB Oven with certain distinct qualities. They stand the chance of being sued for the same. Section 17 of the Trade Mark Act 1995 states that trade mark (Anderson and Gallini, 1998) is the sign that is intended or used to distinguish services or goods in the trade course. Intellectual property right is protected by the company by registering the trade mark which is not compulsory or registering the business name of the company which is compulsory significant Australia wide protection is provided on registration of the company for the name of the company. An action for infringement of trademark invariably and often copyright infringement are coupled along with deceptive and misleading conduct allegation, putting thereby into play the broad remedies that have been made available under Trade Practice Act (now the Competition and Consumer Act 2010) (Banerji, 2011). In Australia infringement is defined as using of a sign as a trademark which is identical substantially or there is deceptive similarity to a trade mark that is registered with respect to the services or goods which the registration of the trademark is done (i.e. goods that are identical). The name of the restaurant that Manny and Bella own is called Perfect Domino Pizza which is deceptively similar to the name of the world pizza giant Dominoes and both are selling goods that are identical. Hence action can be brought against Bella and Manny for infringement of Trade Mark. Reference ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty. Ltd [2011]FCA 87. ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Limited [2007]FCA 1617. Anderman, S. (2007). The interface between intellectual property rights and competition policy. Singapore: IP Academy. Anderson, R. and Gallini, N. (1998). Competition policy and intellectual property rights in the knowledge-based economy. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2015]FCA 330. Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo [2016]38 SR (NSW) 700 a. Banerji, M. (2011). Raising the bar: trade mark oppositions in Australia. Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, 6(12), pp.850-852. Beale v. Taylor [1967]1 WLR 1193 (Court of Appeal) Seller - BTC - 1110. Corones, S. (2011). The Australian consumer law. Rozelle, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. David Jones v. Willis [1934]HCA 47 - 52 CLR 110. Intellectual property law. (2005). Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 31(4), pp.163-167. Jain, S. (n.d.). Contracts of Sale: Terms, Conditions and Warranties with Special Reference to Sale of Goods Act, 1930. SSRN Electronic Journal. Merrilees, B. and Cotman, N. (1976). An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection Law. The Australian Quarterly, 48(1), p.79. Miller, R. (2011). Miller's Australian Competition and Consumer Law annotated. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Nottage, L. (2010). The New Australian Consumer Law: What About Consumer ADR?. QUT Law Review, 9(2). Ventose, E. (2015). Patent protection for isolated genes in Australia. Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, 10(3), pp.148-150. YEUNG, K. (2005). Does the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Engage in "Trial by Media"?*. Law Policy, 27(4), pp.549-577.

Pros And Cons Of Community Based Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Example

Pros And Cons Of Community Based Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Cost -Above noted, there are many different manner of acquiring to the Caribbean, as a consequence of the When part at a good affordability, particularly when compared to different topographic points in the universe there is an off season the ticket get less expensive. More over these indispensable factors make a tremendous he touristry part. These attractive forces such as dolphin cove and mysterious mountain they develop and implement more installations and resorts that offer the gustatory sensation of the Caribbean. The official industry touted past clip as a precedence. Accommodation- Caribbean part has a risen vacancy in the hotels, watering place and resorts. These options means that tourers comes from all over the degree of part to come visit, but in the add-on the vacancies is besides low-cost. Hotels and resorts continue to give low monetary values, for the suites to the visitants. Other chances such as golf, netball, tennis and other recreational activities is available in the resort towns which concentrate on H2O activities peculiarly plunging, jet skis to lesser, extent, boat hire. With more individual sing the room include extra athleticss and recreational installations like boating, shopping. Reputation- The Caribbean criterion is most profounded from the 1800s and for this the repute is raised every twelvemonth so tourist wants to come here to see the people civilization etc. In fact, the Royal Victorian Hotel was built in the Bahamas during the American Civil War, one of the earliest such constitutions in the part. This repetition holiday. Besides, the part is known for being safe, relieving concern from households and individual visitants. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros And Cons Of Community Based Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros And Cons Of Community Based Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros And Cons Of Community Based Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Quality service Quality in the touristry and cordial reception industry involves consistent bringing of merchandises and invitee services harmonizing to expected criterions. Delivering quality service is one of the major challenges the cordial reception directors will disfiguring in the undermentioned old ages as it is an indispensable status for success in the emerging, keenly competitory, planetary cordial reception markets. There are assorted tools that step and better quality service, every bit good as mechanisms for quality acknowledgment in the touristry and cordial reception industry. The weigh up the impacts of cost-profit and be in a place to precedences towards a quality betterment procedure for their ain belongings directors should place record and the present survey shows that touristry stakeholders perceive quality service in a hotel as value for money, a comfy room, friendly staff and tasty nutrient. Furthermore, the study shows that there is ever room for farther betterment of the cor dial reception services. Other consequences of the studies reveal that the most of import factors for a hotel s hereafter are guest satisfaction, guest keeping and word of oral cavity advertisement. Aiming at excellence and profitableness, the results of the study suggest focal point on quality service ; keeping of bing invitees by transcending their outlooks ; uninterrupted quality betterment ; employment, regular preparation and authorization of service-oriented staff ; hunt for best patterns through benchmarking ; and, eventually, chase of quality accreditation through the assorted strategies, such as the eco-labels, ISO and the EU Foundation for Quality Management. The bringing system is designed to supply the client with the needed assortment of services and with the minimal hold. A common characteristic of bringing systems is the client line or waiting line. A cardinal facet of any system is to command the length of waiting lines. The alone touristry aspect service industry be longs to serve bringing system. The term covers aspect of operation that taken topographic point at any given clip clients or client requested. Title of my Paper: Travel Tourism Sector Student s name: Natanya Williams Colbourne College Lecture: Ms Michelle Branch November 13, 2012 Report This assignment is base on the garrison most knowledge on travel touristry sector. Travel touristry is the motion of objects, people between two geographical locations of comparative distance. More times touristry includes the motions of different finish as a halt point to travel from finish to finish to make the concluding finish. Recently it has been discover that the Centre phase in footings of holiday and vacations or largely acquired to the term Business Travel and Cargo.With these beforehand engineering travel touristry has become more revolutionized with transition of clip. Travel has become such a planetary demand for all security step has become a precedence for all. Table of content ReportaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦1 Quality servicesaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦2 Professionals and cons of community based tourismaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦3 Main factors that attract tourer to the CaribbeanaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦4 ConclusionaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.5 BibliographyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..6 Professionals and cons of community based touristry Pros- The deductions of pros on the state on a whole is that the convention visitants bureau need to develop efficient merchandises for locals and international individual and that merchandise must be environmental friendly for society and civilisation. The convention visitant agency needs to bring forth income through sustainable resources by organized local resources by people. The member of the tourer board need to set the pros frontward and seek to decide them and set Jamaica on the swab for the most experience touristry topographic point in the universe. The sustainable, giving that the pros revised on the subject of the rural and hapless communities and its beginning of income. In this type of country this facet is valid and varied lives of local and autochthonal people while they preserve the environment and the civilization heritage. There are undertakings set aside for benefits to the community as a whole. When international tourer arrives to a certain countries it is rich i n civilization and biodiversity and at the same will acquire more involved as a state. Cons-The preservation implicated on the state on a whole by the assortment of activities that is encourage and back up a broad scope of development and preservation for e.g. ( economic and societal ) . This chapter of the undertaking identifies the issues that affect community base touristry and the sustainability and publicity, with every growing involvement, touristry development and selling schemes that associated with a specific industry and its constituents. In this subdivision it is utile to bring forth a clear definition of community base touristry to its readers. There are several different specialized touristry activities e.g. ecotourism, Nature base touristry etc. Although there is a estimation of 10 % -15 % preservation of nature related touristry. It is hard to generalise states and there natural environment as the primary cardinal attractive force for most international visitants, and the increasing of domestic tourist.There is a inordinate sum of accurate informations and it clearly show that the community base industry demand to lift it criterions. Degree centigrades: UsersTamekaAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE58Z81D4L7MP900442585 [ 1 ] .jpg Teacher: Ms Michelle Branch Student Name: Natanya Williams School: Colbourne College Due Date: November 13, 2012 Decision I am presently discoursing the accomplishments of the travel and touristry sector undertaking and looking to the hereafter of great gesture. It is interesting to have the sum of information from the different resources in regard of their different sentiment. I have achieved the primary end of this undertaking and everyone has benefited in many ways from being involved in the undertaking.

5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems

5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems 5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems 5 Appositive Phrases with Punctuation Problems By Mark Nichol An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that appears in proximity to another noun or noun phrase to define or modify it. When writers employ nonrestrictive appositions, which consist of optional additional information, they sometimes fail to punctuate the sentence correctly to indicate that the phrase is parenthetical, leading to confusion. Here are five sentences in which insertion of a single comma repairs the damage. 1. â€Å"John Smith, Jones’s rival and number four on the FBI’s most-wanted list is caught.† If this sentence began with â€Å"Jones’s rival . . .,† it would be correctly punctuated. But â€Å"John Smith† is the subject, â€Å"is caught† is the object, and the phrase beginning â€Å"Jones’s rival† and ending â€Å"most-wanted list† is an appositive, and must be punctuated as a parenthetical phrase: â€Å"John Smith, Jones’s rival and number four on the FBI’s most-wanted list, is caught.† 2. â€Å"John Doe, who once led the company was indicted on eighty-five counts in a huge federal case.† The basic facts are that John Doe was indicted; the phrase â€Å"who once led the company† is an appositive parenthetical and must, like the descriptive phrase in the preceding example, be framed by commas: â€Å"John Doe, who once led the company, was indicted on eighty-five counts in a huge federal case.† 3. â€Å"Life has been rough for Jane Roe, the governor’s chief of staff ever since her controversial remark went public.† â€Å"The governor’s chief of staff† is the appositive here; without a comma following the phrase to complement the preceding comma, the statement implies that she gained her position when she made the remark: â€Å"Life has been rough for Jane Roe, the governor’s chief of staff, ever since her controversial remark went public.† 4. General Martin Dempsey, the Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman who just wrapped up a visit to Afghanistan, was asked whether he foresees North Korea taking military action soon. By combining the general’s title with the reference to his recent visit to Afghanistan, the sentence implies that more than one Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman exists; Dempsey is the one who had just returned from Afghanistan. The phrase â€Å"the Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman† must be bracketed by a pair of commas to show that it is the first of two parenthetical phrases dividing the subject from the object: â€Å"General Martin Dempsey, the Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, who just wrapped up a visit to Afghanistan, was asked whether he foresees North Korea taking military action soon.† (Sometimes, one of two consecutive appositives that follow another noun or noun phrase can be separated by relocating one before the noun or noun phrase it refers to, but here, Dempsey’s title would compete with his military rank; however, the reference to the Afghanistan visit could be moved to a subsequent sentence, or even deleted because it is irrelevant to the sentence.) 5. â€Å"The next antiwar demonstration scheduled to take place on April 7 may take aim at companies outside San Francisco.† This sentence’s lack of internal punctuation will likely lead readers to assume that more than one demonstration is scheduled to take place on April 7, which is a distracting error. The reference to the date is in apposition, identifying the date of the event (it is appositive because, as a truncated version of â€Å"the one scheduled to take place on April 7,† it is another way of referring to â€Å"the next antiwar demonstration†), and could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence: â€Å"The next antiwar demonstration, scheduled to take place on April 7, may take aim at companies outside San Francisco.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Connotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleOppose and Opposed To

How School Legislation Impacts Teaching and Learning

How School Legislation Impacts Teaching and Learning School legislation includes any federal, state, or local regulation that a school, its administration, teachers, staff, and constituents are required to follow. This legislation is intended to guide administrators and teachers in the daily operations of the school district. School districts sometimes feel inundated by new mandates. Sometimes a well-intended piece of legislation may have unintended negative ramifications. When this occurs, administrators and teachers should lobby the governing body to make changes or improvements to the legislation. FederalSchool Legislation Federal laws include the Family Educations Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), No Child Left Behind (NCLB), the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and many more. Each of these laws must be adhered to by virtually every school in the United States. Federal laws exist as a common means to address a substantial issue. Many of these issues involve the infringement of student rights and were enacted to protect those rights. StateSchool Legislation State laws on education vary from state to state. An education-related law in Wyoming may not be an enacted law in South Carolina. State legislation related to education often mirror the controlling parties core philosophies on education. This creates a myriad of varying policies across states. State laws regulate issues such as teacher retirement, teacher evaluations, charter schools, state testing requirements, required learning standards, and much more. School Boards At the core of every school district is the local school board. Local school boards have the power to create policies and regulations specifically for their district. These policies are constantly revised, and new policies may be added yearly. School boards and school administrators must keep track of the revisions and additions so that they are always in compliance. New School Legislation Must Be Balanced In education, timing does matter. In recent years schools, administrators, and educators have been bombarded with well-intended legislation. Policymakers must be attentively aware of the volume of education measures allowed to move forward each year. Schools have been overwhelmed with the sheer number of legislative mandates. With so many changes, it has been almost impossible to do any one thing well. Legislation at any level must be rolled out in a balanced approach. Trying to implement a plethora of legislative mandates makes it almost impossible to give any measure a chance to be successful. Children Must Remain the Focus School legislation at any level should only be passed if there is comprehensive research to prove that it will work. A policymakers first commitment in regards to education legislation is to the children in our education system. Students should benefit from any legislative measure either directly or indirectly. Legislation that will not positively impact students should not be allowed to move forward. Children are Americas greatest resource. As such, the party lines should be wiped away when it comes to education. Education issues should be exclusively bi-partisan. When education becomes a pawn in a political game, it is our children who suffer.

Edith Stern Attacks the Domestic Bondage of Women and 27-2, Vance Essay

Edith Stern Attacks the Domestic Bondage of Women and 27-2, Vance Packard Analyzes the Age of Affluence - Essay Example They cook, clean and take care of children with no law whatsoever protecting them, unlike how there are labor unions and legislation governing the wage of workers in industries and factories. This fact means that they can go unpaid for the whole time they work at home. They will have no grounds on which they can demand a salary from either their husbands or children.1 Another objection to the house bondage of women is the fact that there is no compensation in case of an accident. Houses are usually dangerous places to work. This hazardous condition comes from the fact that environmental and health workers are not allowed into homes. As such, poor ventilation, electrical wiring, plumbing, and fumigation are not top of class services offered by governments. They are individual works that are sometimes done wrongly. Any accident that occurs in the house from these and more hazards receives no compensation, unlike an accident that occurs in a factory. In plants, accidents led to the monetary compensation of workers and their families. In the American homes after the 1950s, accidents in the house follow the norm that was there during slavery. Every worker looked after themselves, and so do the housewives. The lack of regular rest periods in the housewife’s schedule exhausts her more than the ordinary factory worker. She gets to work for more than fourteen hours a day and rest for less than eight hours. The lack of rest is due to the ever-present activities to accomplish within the regular routine of a home. They have to prepare meals all for the day, clean dishes, and trim flowers and do the laundry work. These activities are repeated each and every day, and are treated as regular routine. She gets lesser resting hours than the men working in factories. This work makes her home more than just a place to rest. It is viewed as a place of bondage and limited freedom, with extreme working conditions and long working hours. The women in the self-implied

European Commissions Proposal to Introduce Audit Independence Reform Essay

European Commissions Proposal to Introduce Audit Independence Reform - Essay Example This paper illustrates that following the evaluation, the auditors determine the level of conformation between those declarations and the required auditing standards, and communicating their opinion through the audit report. The quality and authenticity of audit report and compliance with the prescribed practices of audit standards have always been a subject of discussion in the corporate environment. Adherence to audit standards practice is necessary as it helps a corporate organization to lessen risks as well as optimize its business performance at the same time. Currently, the competitive business environment that prevails worldwide, calls for a rigid regulatory setting and compliance to audit standards norms, for businesses and the financial system to sustain in the long run. However, the European Commission considers the global economic depression during 2007-2009 had pointed out significant drawbacks in the audit system followed in Europe. The Commission believes so because man y financial organizations were found to have been given clean reports by their auditors, in spite of the fact that those institutions had grave financial health issues. As a result, the European Commission had proposed a number of reforms to improve the independence of the auditing profession. To alleviate the danger of any impending conflict of interest owing to an acquaintance risk, the European Commission in its report has proposed that all publicly listed companies will have to obligatorily alter their auditor after each six years in case they had employed one auditor to execute the audit process, and after each nine years when two auditors were employed to perform the audit. This proposed reform is said to have a number of advantages in the context of dealing with issues like conflict of interest and in so doing enhancing the quality of the audit. The major advantage expected from this reform is the reinforcement of professional skepticism.

Identity the ftre written Essay Example for Free

Identity the ftre written Essay Introduction Identity Theft is considered to be major problem which has affected thousands, more than 9 million victims of credit identity theft were reported in 2003, it was estimated that the victims were deprived of more than 52 billion dollars through identity theft; the victims included established businesses and individuals. It has been learnt that sophisticated organized criminals (Richard, 2003) were involved in identity theft. Identity theft is considered as an intimate abuse that is mainly responsible for the financial losses of the grieved victims. Identity Theft is appropriation of anothers personal information (Whilk, 2003), the purpose of the exercise is to practice fraud, and the victim is impersonated by the culprits in this practice. Identity theft is mainly linked with the leakage of confidential information that is later misused by the culprits to achieve benefit. It has been observed through past cases of Identity theft that most of the culprits have enjoyed access to the victim directly, or the information related to the victim through different dealings. The nature of the dealing is not particular, in some of the cases associates and acquaintances have been involved have been found guilty of Identity Theft. According to studies, Identity theft involves three parties that include the victim, the perpetrator and the creditor. Victim is the person who fells prey of the criminal activities without any knowledge of it; the perpetrator is the individual who impersonates the victim, and executes identity theft, the perpetrator in many of the cases have the access to the information of the victim. The creditor is the personal who is familiar to both the perpetrator and the victim, the creditor support and develop the perpetrator plan. In some of the cases the fourth party is the source of the personal information that is being abused (Whilk, 2003). Types of identity theft Pretexting Pretexting is considered to be one of the forms of Identity Theft; in this exercise one culprit impersonates the victim, such that one calls under the pretext being that person (Richard, 2003). The exercise is normally performed to secure personal information that includes telephone records, and details of bank accounts. According to studies it has been observed that in many of the cases the4 victims are unable to detect their identity theft through pretexting. Credit Card fraud The evolution of internet has made it easier for the interested customers to avail deals through internet. Credit card facilities launched by several banks have tried to facilitate the customers, and have provided them with an easy opportunity to avail deals through electronic transaction via credit card. Unfortunately the sharing of information has often been leaked, and many of the cases of identity theft have been reported. According to study, running up charges on anothers credit card, or passing checks of another, is a form of identity theft. Identity theft is this case is practiced through appropriation of the signature, account number, and other aspects of anothers identity, the purpose of the entire exercise is to secure financial benefits on other expenses through unethical and illegal practice. New account fraud Identity theft has been reported through malpractices related to the opening of new accounts. In such case, the criminal uses the identity of the victim, and then after fulfilling the formalities of credit card companies borrow the money. Criminal identity theft In some of the cases it has been reported that criminals impersonate innocent people after their arrest, and have managed to escape successfully. In such cases, the innocent individual then has criminal record, and in some of the cases arrest warrants have also been issued. It has been researched that it is easier for the criminal to link their personality with the victim, and later manage to escape, however in the police records many such individuals are blacklisted who have reported their ignorance about the incident, and have proved their presence in foreign country at the time of criminal activity. Identity Theft as Abuse In the survey which was conducted in 2004, it was observed that domestic abuse has direct relationship with Identity Theft; it was observed that more than 15 percent reported that they were also victims of domestic harassment and abuse from the perpetrator. Identity theft is also conducted by the strangers, and in some of the cases organized criminal networks are involved in such practices. The identity theft is solely conducted to achieve economic gains through false identity, there it is expected that an authority with financial stability is likely to be the victim, domestic violence is sometimes accompanied by economic abuse, such as controlling access to wealth or destruction of property (John, 2002). Much because it is difficult to trace the culprit involve in the identity theft, the practice is considered to be extremely lucrative for the abuser, where as the malpractice has long lasting and debilitating (Robert, 2003) impact on the status, repute and character of the victim. The survey revealed that, identity theft victims spend a median of one hundred hours rectifying the damage, and lose thousands of dollars in lost wages and other expenses (John, 2002), more than 50 percent of the victim have complained that they are subjected to repeated interrogations and false implications by the law agencies even after 2 years after the revelation of their identity theft, whereas as some reported that they are subjected to false implications for more than decade. According to the Stalking Resource Center at the National Center for the Victims of Crime, explained that stalking as a course of conduct directed at a specific person when one knows or should know that the course of conduct would cause a reasonable person to fear for his or her safety or the safety of a third person; or suffer other emotional distress (Kristin, 2004), therefore stalking can be considered as a derivative of the stalking. The discussed surveillance, pretexting, and credit identity theft are directly related to stalking. Pretexting is not considered as an offence of extreme tribulation for the victim, the pretexter can only secure the right to access the accounts, and telephone record. Therefore the expected threats and damages through pretexter include the cancellation of the victim’s account, electric, gas and credit car accounts. However the cases of identity theft related to credit cards have subjected the victim under serious consequences. The survey report found that, distress caused by credit identity theft is real, the victims report rage and anger; personal financial fears; fears for family financial safety; a sense of powerlessness and of feeling defiled (Kristin, 2004). Preventive Measures The measures to be necessarily adopted by the public to avoid any incident of victimization through identity theft include issuance of the credit report periodically. The public should also ensure that their credit limit is not too high, so that even in case of any manipulation the financial loss can be adjusted. The public should avail the scheme for the monitoring of their credit, through which unexpected financial dealings can be tracked. It has been learnt that Fair Credit Reporting Act has provided the public with an opportunity to place a fraud alert on their credit report, through such scheme the creditors have the right to access to verify their credit. References 1. Kristin Loberg. Identity Theft: How to Protect Your Name, Your Credit and Your Vital Information. Silver Lake Publishing. 2004. 2. Robert J. Hammond, Robert J. Hammond, Jr. Identity Theft: How to Protect Your Most Valuable Asset. Career Press. 2003. 3. John R. Vacca. Identity Theft. Career Press. 2002. 4. Whilk, Nathanael. Identity Theft: Preventing Consumer Terrorism: An Attitudinal Approach. Silver Lake Publishing 2003. 5. Richard M. Stana. Identity Theft: Prevalence Cost Appear to Be Growing. Prentice Hall. 2003.

Make Up Artists In Movies

Make Up Artists In Movies From massive scars and head wounds to flawless skin and supermodel good looks, many actors have only one person to thank the make up artist. All sorts of cinematic magic have relied on the skill and imagination of the movie make-up artists. Depending on the ideas and thoughts of the director and the script, film make-up artists made need to put their skills to the test and push the boundaries in order to get the perfect look. Make up artists need to be able to adapt from creating a sophisticated, high fashion look to showing an actor who has aged 50 years, has an injury or even looks like an alien or cartoon character. From the earliest days of the movies, make-up artists have had to combine their art with film-making technology. Actors in silent films, for example, had heavy yellow make-up to compensate for the monochromatic film that was insensitive to the red end of the light spectrum. Today, make up techniques and computer-generated images come together to create visions like Spock ears from Star Trek and Hellboys red facial prosthetic. Behind the magic on the screen, the world of a make-up artist is a demanding one. These facial masks can take hours to create just to be used in a very short seen in a movie, yet the movies would not be half as effective without these characteristics. Responsibilities of a Movie Make-up Artist The responsibilities of a movie make-up artist vary depending on the type of work and level of responsibility that the make-up artist has. Hollywood union regulations classify movie make-up artists based on the area of the actors body being made up: A make-up artist is allowed to apply cosmetics only from the top of the head to the top of the breastbone, from fingertips to wrists and from toes to ankles. A body make-up artist applies cosmetics as required to any other areas of the actors body. While the regular make-up artist generally works throughout filming, the body make-up artist is hired per day when needed. Different Make-Up Artists and their Role in the Film The key make-up artist is in charge of the make-up department for a movie. They decide what will be the best approach to the make up of a certain character and make sure that this idea is seen through. During pre-production, the head make-up artist reads the script and meets with the director and screenwriter to discuss their needs and ideas for the films make up. This is done to make sure the final product shown in post-production is the same as the starting idea. The key make-up artist also will work with the main hair designer, costume designer, set designer and director of lighting throughout the film. Together they will discuss exactly what is that needs to be done in order to pull the make up off successfully. The head of make-up then researches and determines how to design the make-up and special make-up effects for the film. They will often need to work with special effects companies in order to pull off some harsher make up looks (such as scars, major wounds on limbs, major disfiguration of a body part etc.) The key make-up artist also hires the additional make-up artists needed, sets the work schedule and supervises the make up team during production. The senior make-up artist oversees the work of the other make-up artists and usually become primarily responsible for the actions of all the make-up artists. This means making sure that actors make-up remains the same or changes as filming requires, such as the addition of scars after an accident or evidence of aging as the film progresses. This job is vital in a film and needs the artist to be 100% focused, commuted and knowledgeable about the script. Make-up artists do the actual work in making actors looks match the designs set for the movie. They also apply and touch up the make-up when necessary. Assistant make-up artists handle lower-level make-up chores such as fixing up mistakes in the make-up and assisting the make-up artists. Working as a Make-up Artist in Movies Working as a movie make-up artist means starting work very early in the day and working for very long periods of time. During daily production, the make-up artists need to be at the location before dawn each day to lay out supplies, get prepared for the actors and set up any other special equipment for each specific actor. The movie make-up artists work off a schedule of make-up, hair and wardrobe calls for each actor. The assistant director sets the schedule, based on the scenes to be shot that day and passes it out late the day before. This then lets all the different departments know what exactly will need to be done that day and how many hours they will be working for. Each film make-up artist is assigned specific actors to look after. The make-up artist will have detailed notes, sketches and photos as reference to help achieve the right look for their actor. Throughout the day, the make-up artist or an assistant will touch up the actors make-up and change it as required by the scenes being filmed at that time. Achieving the right look can be a time-consuming process, particularly if the make-up includes special effects Hellboys make-up took four hours everyday with only short breaks in between for the actor. Foam pieces covered the actors back, chest and head. Once everything was on, the suit had to be painted and hair was added. Imagine having to go through this process every single day? At the end of the filming day, another long process has to begin for the make-up artists. The make-up artist has to remove all the actors make-up, hairpieces, prosthetic facial features (if any were used) and other effects and store them all so they are easy to find the following morning. While working as a make-up artist can be grueling but fun, movie jobs are not easy to find for most people and it is very difficult to break into the market of films. Becoming an experienced make-up artist means starting at the bottom, as an assistant. From there, an aspiring make-up artist has to work his/her way up the ladder by learning on the job, as well as building a strong portfolio of work and gaining a reputation with directors, actors and key make-up artists. For some it may take years to be able to achieve what they set out to achieve while for others luck and pure, raw talent may be enough to win them the job in a higher ranking. Becoming a Make-Up Artist Just like any other job in the film industry, youll need knowledge, experience, skill, luck and the right contacts in order to make your mark. For starters, you shall want to consider the right education. The best way to start off would be through a cosmetology school. You may even consider an art school if you wish to work with the prosthetic side of the movie make-up world. These schools often include a movie make-up course in their curriculum and also can give you the chance to learn more about the film-making industry and how to become apart of it. In addition to this, schools with a film focus may be able to help you get internships, jobs and make contacts with potential clients. Once completed, you will have to pass a state licensing exam. This will give you the license to work as a registered make-up artist. Student films can give you a start on your work portfolio, which will be a valuable tool in seeking work and becoming successful in finding a job. Make-up artists and directors will then be able to sift through your portfolio to see what you are able to do and can therefore decide where to go from their. Major Hollywood feature films require union membership which is unlike independent films. Although school will give you a good heads start, your training really will come from working in the industry itself. That may mean starting off with make-up in television or theatre, or even starting as an assistant to an already established make-up artist. By being on a set working with make-up challenges, youll learn how production works and pick up tips on how to be effective as a make-up artist. With solid training behind you, a strong portfolio and your eyes to the future, you should be ready to create some movie make-up magic of your own.

The power of social media in political communication

Research Question To determine the impact of social media on the way that political institutions and organizations communicate to the public including the unintended impact of social media on political communication. Research Objective The track the evolution of social media use in political communication both as intended by those disseminating the information and the unintended impact of having such assessable communication methods for the general public. Significance and Context of Research Increasingly in political communication, social media has been used as a primary method of disseminating information, gathering information and testing public opinion. Indeed certain countries continue to use these methods as a primary means of lobbying support. However, not only does it present enormous benefit to political organizations, it also presents a unique opportunity to the public combating abuse of power and an increased awareness and accountability. Some research even goes as far as to suggest that the impact of social media has enhanced the citizen participation in democracy increasing the commitment thereto. In the age of social media as a primary means of communication, the role and impact of this on political communication is boundless and significant. Methodology The primary method of research will be the analysis of different systems of social media usage. There is some literature written on the topic, examining different facets of the social media usage in political communication and this will serve as a useful indicator of the ways that social media is used in political communication. Thereafter, individual case studies on various methods that have been employed to great effect need to be examined. In other words, by examining how different political organizations have used social media to their advantage. The sources of these case studies will be evident in the literature written on the topic. How the organizations use social media and the effect that it has will be the primary focus of the research. The effect of social media usage will include the benefits on participation as well as the disadvantages relating to sensationalism and accuracy. References Clay Shirky (2011) ‘The Political Power of Social Media’ Foreign Affairs, 90(1), p28-41 Erik Qualman (2009) ‘How Social Media Transforms the Way We Live and Do Business’ [online] Available on http://www.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.uct.ac.za/uploads/corpLearn/pdf/bbs_socialnomics.pdf [Accessed on 7 July 2012] Erik C. Nisbet, Elizabeth Stoycheff, & Katy E. Pearce (2012) ‘Internet Use and Democratic Demands: A Multinational, Multilevel Model of Internet Use and Citizen Attitudes About Democracy’ Journal of Communication, 62, 249–265 Henry Farrell (2011) ‘The Internet’s Consequences for Politics’ [online] Available on http://crookedtimber.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/ARPS.pdf [Accessed on 7 July 2012] John C. Bertot, Paul T. Jaeger, Justin M. Grimes (2010) ‘Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies’ Government Inform ation Quarterly, 27, 264–271 Michael J. Magro, (2012) ‘A Review of Social Media Use in E-Government’ Sci., 2, 148-161 Wenfang Tang and Shanto Iyengar (2011) ‘ The Emerging Media System in China: Implications for Regime Change’ Political Communication, Special Issue [online] Available at http://myweb.uiowa.edu/wenftang/p/scanned%20publications/Tang%20and%20Iyengar%202011.pdf [Accessed on 7 July 2012]