Fatherhood in Tartuffe and the Magic Flute Essay

Throughout history grammatical gender roles in club, as well as in the family unit, have changed. At the dawn of civilization some(prenominal) cultures were led my women in a matriarchal fashion (meaning that females held positions of occasion and decide over men). The logic tin can this idea is one that is women are responsible for creating new life and bringing the next generation into the world, affectionateness for their children and ensuring that our species lives on. It wasnt until the importance of men in the reproductive process was realized that patriarchal (societies led by men) began to emerge.Once men had the power in the world, they would fight to hold on to it. Religion, science, and social building would be used for thousands of years to keep women subservient to their male counterparts. As men took over, the structure of society and the family unit changed drastically. The role of beginners and let move intos in the assigned readings so far shows different r esponsibilities owed to a laminitis based on time period and society in which they live. In Mozarts The Magic Flute, at that place is not a father characterized in the story, but Sarastro acts as a strong father figure to the protagonists.He is first introduced by the Queen of the Night as the villain of the tale who has kidnapped her female child and mustiness be punished. Tamino soon discovers it is The Queen of the Night who is evil and Sarastro is the pure one. When Tamino agrees to join the br otherhood, he falls under the ascendance of Sarastro. There are many references to or about the once secret society know as the Freemasons doneout this opera, the brotherhood is a direct representation of the masons and many of the trials they must go through for membership with Sarastro representing the Master Mason.He may not be related to Tamino by blood, but as a religious leader, Sarastro holds many of the same duties to his followers as a father holds to his family. One of th e perks of his power is the authority to punish and reward his followers as he sees fit. At the end of Act I, he demonstrates this by sentencing Monostatos to seventy-seven lashes and rewarding Tamino for his virtue with admission to the brotherhood, and upon completion of the trials, Pamina as his wife. The authority Sarastro has as his wads ultimate religious authority allows him to govern as he sees fit, with control over his subjects. a lot of the Queens hostility towards Sarastro is based on the fact that Sarastro inherited his position from Paminas father, Sarastro believes that Pamina is not safe in the look at of her mother and uses his authority to save her from her mother, believing that the queens influence is not good for Pamina. He also intervenes to protect Pamina when Monostatos makes inappropriate advances toward her. Sarastro has inherited Paminas fathers act and along with it, he assumes certain fatherly characteristics, mainly the protective influence a father has over his family.Orgon, the father in Tartuffe, shows some similarities with Sarastro but with one major difference Orgon uses his fatherly authority to force his daughter into an undesirable marriage. He has grown small-minded in his age and believes Tartuffe to be the wit child for humanity. Obviously, he wants Tartuffe to be a member of his family, and he does so by trying marrying his daughter off to Tartuffe. He tells Mariane Yes, Tartuffe shall be allied by marriage to this family, and hes to be you husband, is that square away?Its a fathers privilege. He is abusing the power given to him as Marianes father to impel her into a marriage with Tartuffe after he had already promised her to Valere. After much balk from just about e actuallyone in his family failed, Elmire plots to reveal Tartuffe for the scoundrel he is. When the truth about Tartuffe is revealed, he reminds Orgon that everything he owned now belonged to Tartuffe and he tells Orgon to leave immediately. With t his, Orgon looses any power he may have had leftfield in his household.After Tartuffe has ruined everyones day, all seems lost to Orgon and his family until another father figure move in to intervene. The King sends one of his personal bodyguards to arrest Tartuffe for a long list of crimes. At this point, Orgon, whos fatherly authority has been exhausted, is overshadowed by the saving graces of his ruler. The King in Tartuffe is a character who joins the story very late, but is crucial for the conclusion of the tale. He does not show himself personally, as King he has other responsibilities than to directly oversee the arrest of a criminal.His Officer (a Lieutenant Colonel in the original text) arrives with Tartuffe under the contrivance of arresting Orgon. The officer reveals himself as an agent of the king and acts as the arm of the king and arrests Tartuffe by majestic authority, punishing him for his crimes. He then returns Orgons property to its rightful owner and pardons his crimes as reward for his loyal deeds in the late civil war. With Tartuffe arrested, the family is able to return to their formula lives and Valere and Mariane marry as they were meant to.The king, as the ultimate political authority, saves the day and concludes the play with his just judgements upon his subjects. Tartuffe himself is a father figure in his own regard as a clergyman (even as a two-faced one). Religious leaders hold a certain power over their subjects, interpreting the will of their graven image and communicating it to the common people. Orgon and Madame Pernelles inability to see through Tartuffes act as everyone else has is conclusion of the devotion they give to their spiritual leader. Whatever Tartuffe councils, they obey without question.This will get Orgon into trouble in the type of the strongbox which he entrusts to Tartuffe. Even when they are presented with attest, the two refuse to accept that Tartuffe is anything but holy. It takes physical eviden ce seen by their own eyes to disprove their beliefs. Tartuffes priestly disguise holds power only because of title (even if it is counterfeit), and not because of any kind of lineage or appointment to leadership. Each of the aforementioned father figures overlap similar responsibilities in their respective family units.The king and Sarastro have much larger family units, but they have to care for and protect their people just as a father does. Tartuffe as an assumed priest in the Catholic Church bore the responsibilities of leading a catholic ? flock. It is said that a mans house is his castle, and Orgon runs his castle with an iron fist, but he leads it nonetheless.

Implementing Change Paper Essay

In any organization, the managing director wears many hats. Their responsibilities go beyond just managing a group of people. On top of managing, they bear to be communicators, coaches, and advocates, just to name a few of the many hats. Part of being an effective communicator includes reporting and implanting changes that whitethorn rally down from upper management. diversity can bring out many emotions in people, same anxiety. How a manager speaks the change and implements it within their department can both reconcile their people discover good about it, or heighten their concerns (Managers And Supervisors Importance And Role, 2014). What is the managers role and indebtedness in implementing change in the department? When implementing change within a department, there argon peculiar(prenominal) responsibilities that a manager must uphold. First and fore close to, it is important for the manager to inform the employees of what is going on and most importantly as soon as possible. When employees sense that there whitethorn be a change, it frequently causes panic. When the employees arent sure of what exactly is going on, it in allows their minds to run wild with all the possibilities and often times they are negative. Therefore, it is important they are given all the necessary information up front before they have time to assume what is going to happen (Scott, 2014).Once all the relevant information has been relayed and the employees understand all the changes that are going to take place, the manager then needs to switch into support mode. They need to be able to support their entire team through with(predicate) the process that is about to unfold. For example, this is important if the change go awaying bring a heavier workload. The manager go forth need to provide support to the team so that they will adjust to the change as seamlessly as possible. Lastly, overall good management techniques are important when a change is being implemented. Managers should be aware of over and under managing the situation. Also, implementing a rewards program can besides help ease the stress of the change (Scott, 2014). How should a managersuccessfully handle staff subway to change? A resistance to the change is bound to happen and should be expected from at least(prenominal) a few employees. A managers skills are put to the test when this happens and it is vital that they handle this situation appropriately. Resistance can get under ones skin in many different forms. For example, there may be an increased number of people quitting, hostility, and in extreme cases, strikes. Any type of resistance can be trouble slightly for the management teams, which is why it is imperative that it is handled quickly and appropriately.For starters, the management team needs to understand that some resistance is desirable because it will help the change to be more effective. Employees who question the change in a non-malicious manner could ultimate ly help to refine the plans of change. Secondly, a good manager will pee-pee that not all of their employees will respond the same to the changes and should be treated accordingly. Sometimes the resistance may come because the employees may not understand the purpose of the changes. The fix for this could be as simple as sitting down with those employees that are having trouble adjusting and thoroughly going over everything. This would include explaining why, how, and when the changes will be taking place. Define each step of the change process assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation The change process includes iv steps, assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. These steps can help make the change process an easier transition. According to Sullivan and Decker (2009), Emphasis is hardened on the assessment phase of change for two reasons.Without entropy collection and analysis, planned change will not proceed past the wouldnt it be a good idea if stage (S ullivan & Decker, 2009, Chapter 5, Initiating and Implementing Change, The Change Process). Change does not have to come from only a problem, it can also come from an opportunity. Once the problem or opportunity has been properly identified, internal and external data can be collected. Many factors will have to be examined, like who would benefit from the changes and the costs associated with the changes. Once all the data has been collected, it is imperative that it gets analyzed. A statistical analysis could prove even more beneficial especially if it is presented visually, with either graphs or charts. Once a direction has been established, the next part in the process can begin. In the planning stage, the who, when, and how of the change are determined and the target area is decided. Those in the targetare should be actively involved with the planning stage. Doing so will hopefully lessen the chances of resistance later on. In the next stage, which is implementation, the plan is put into motion.There are two different methods for change changing an mortal and changing a group. Information giving is the most common method used in changing an individuals attitudes and values. According to Sullivan and Decker (2009), providing information is prerequisite to change implementation, but it is inadequate unless lack of information is the only barrier effecting change (Sullivan & Decker, 2009, Chapter 5, Initiating and Implementing Change, The Change Process). Just giving information does not give the reason for the change. some other method that can be considered to change individuals is training. This method combines information giving and actual skill practice. As for methods to change groups, The greatest influence is achieved when group members discuss issues that are perceived as important and make relevant, binding decisions based on those discussions (Sullivan & Decker, 2009, Chapter 5, Initiating and Implementing Change, The Change Process).Individual and group methods can be combined. Whichever methods are used, everyone involved should feel as though their input is important and be rewarded accordingly. The final step in the process is the evaluation. It is important to monitor the change to ensure that it the presumed benefits are being achieved financially and qualitatively. Although some outcomes may be undesirable, those too must be examined. If there are problems, they can be reevaluated and corrected. Change is neer an easy process to go through. Everyone handles it differently and it often comes with feelings of fear and anxiety. This is especially true for organizations as managers laugher a large role when it comes to implementing the changes. There are many skills that one must possess in order to do this properly and without much backlash. It is always to be expected that retaliation will come from some in the organization, but the managers have the ability to control the extent of it. By going through the change process and spending quality time on each step, retaliation can be kept to a minimum. Managers and supervisors importance and role.(2014). Retrieved from http//www.change-management.com/tutorial-job-roles-mod4.htmNichols, V. (n.d.). How you should handle resistance to change. Retrieved fromhttp//www.hrzone.com/feature/people/how-you-should-handle-resistance-change/141253Scott, G. (2014). What Is the Manager Role and responsibleness in Implementing Change Within the Department?. Retrieved from http//work.chron.com/manager-role-responsibility-implementing-change-within-department-26671.htmlSullivan, E.J., & Decker, P.J. (2009). Effective leadership management nursing (7th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook collection database.

The Role of Leadership in Emplyee Performance

International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology Volvo. 2 NO. 5 August 2012 Impact of Leadership Development on Employees Performance (Case Study Employees of usance Headquarters) DRP. Java Merriam discussion section of Public Management, Gavin Branch Islamic Cad University, Gavin, Iran DRP.Mohammad Their Organization Department of Management, Borderer Branch Islamic Cad University, Borderer , Iran shirr Ensn be Department of Management, Borderer Branch Islamic Cad University, Borderer, Iran Baton Samuelsson Postgraduate of Business Management Panama- bewail university, Tehran Share Ray unit and Educational Services Expert in university of Safaris, Iran Abstract mark The present survey has been tolerateed to study the role of leaders ontogeny on employees procedure in Customs headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Iran.Methodology Descriptive- coefficient of correlation coefficient method was used in this survey and the statistical population include employees of Customs headquarters equal to six-hundred seventy eight (678) persons. Sample volume was selected through random caste sampling method that was equal to two-hundred fifty (250) persons. Questionnaire was used to collect the required data and data digest was accomplished using Inferential statistics tests such as Pierson correlation coefficient and step by step fixation analysis in plus to descriptive statistics Indexes such as mean and standard deviation.Findings Findings reveal that at that place Is a significant and substantiative kinship among leadership instruction and Its dimensions with employees performance. Conclusion It Is concluded that authorization, didactics and ontogeny and dominance have the highest impact on employees performance respectively. Key words leadership development, learn, development and development, empowerment, date in decision-making, authorization, performance Introduction Leadership Is a mysterious process that has been considered sim ilarly by public citizenry, scientists and researchers since the far past.It Is one of the major five tasks of managers In whatsoever guidance texts. Leadership meaner art of Influencing the subordinates so that they conduct pre- placed castles In the framework of certain purposes voluntarily and eagerly (Swahili Shrine, 1995 15-19). It seems that human relations, his serve would be conduct to satisfaction and improvement of employees performance automatically. Today governmental and private organizations intend to enhance their service fiber and this wont be fulfilled unless with a good management, sui set back leadership and moving towards knowledge and technology attainment (Regain, 2005 230-247). 54 O Centre for Promoting Ideas, USA www. Cabinet. Com As utilizing employees abilities is non possible without effective leadership instauration of leadership as the driving factor in employees motivation, creating postures, enhancing employees cap expertness, education and d evelopment of the organizational roses and compiling purposes and programs are very important to obtain organizational objectives (Moravia, 2009).Major task of Customs as one of the governmental organizations is to have got imports and exports legally in order to get duties, preventing to import non-standard and unhygienic products, regulating importation and exportation of some products to regulate the internal market and etc.Violating the above cases would be led to social and cultural abnormalities in addition to their harmful impacts on the internal production and economic stagnation through changing the culture and grasp of consumers towards nonstandard and smuggled products and creates disorientation in the economic system by dominance of foreign manufacturers on the internal markets and increases unemployment and the related problems.Since accurate and effective implementation of Customs regulations and avoiding the above problems has a direct relationship with Customs lead ership and performance of its employees as economic frontiers of the country it is intended in the present survey to answer the following(a) questions given to the above issues. Is in that location any relationship amongst leadership development and employees performance in Customs headquarters in Iran? Is there any relationship among leadership development dimensions and employees performance? Which dimension of leadership development has the highest impact on employees performance?Research literature Leadership Leadership is the ability to encourage others to try eagerly in order to obtain certain purposes (Davis, 2010 423). It is a process in which management of the organization tries to facilitate his tasks to fulfill organizational purposes by creating motivation and an effective relation and encourages employees to conduct their tasks eagerly and en henceiastically (Alvin, 1996 137-138). Leadership development past, present and future Leadership development is enhancement o f abilities and creating perspective for motivating and directing of individuals towards determined purposes.It includes components such as education and development, participation of individuals in decision-making, coaching, Job empowerment and authorization (Lowlier, Gold Smith & Karate, 2005). Leadership development has obtained achievements in two previous decades among which we can call increasing of management development methods and coordination among the management and ore popular increasingly and causes more studies to be focused on leadership competencies and problems regarding non-coordination in working affairs and life (Werner-Brome & Hughes, 2009).Leadership development at work environment nowadays innovators represent skills and techniques regarding leadership development through methods such as educational programs and coaching and apply them in real issues. People could obtain important skills by combining such directions and real commercial conditions and thus it is possible for organizations to find important, synchronous and related issues and deal with them. Finally purpose of leadership development includes action non knowledge.Therefore, leadership development at present meaner providing learning opportunities for people through work not keeping them aloof from the work environment and obliging them to learning. Moreover, the best experience of organizations is to find out the leadership role as a key factor in all Job levels and that they are pull to create effective leaders across their organizations. Developing more individual and better leaders is not the only focusing point of leadership development although this issue is still very important.Leadership is increasingly be in a way that it is not Just related to leaders acts rather it is a process which creates a new generation of leaders and effective relations that their focus is on leaders and colleagues interaction (LaVerdi, 2011). organisational performance Organizational p erformance is obtaining organizational and social purposes or going beyond them and conducting responsibilities undertaken by people (Heresy and Blanchard, 1996 504). 55 Research hypotheses Primary hypothesis There is a relationship mingled with leadership development and employees performance. Secondary hypotheses 1- There is a allegations amongst coaching and employees performance. 2- There is a relationship between education and development and employees performance. 3- There is a relationship between empowerment and employees performance. 4- There is a relationship between participation in decision-making and employees performance. 5- There is a relationship between authorization and employees performance.Conceptual model of the survey In this survey leadership development and its dimensions (coaching, education and development, empowerment, participation in decision-making and authorization) are regarded as independent rabbles and performance is regarded as dependent variable . Leadership development Coaching Performance Education and development Participation in decision-making Authorization Research methodology The present survey was conducted using descriptive- correlation method. Statistical population include employees of Customs headquarters in 2011.Volume of the statistical population was equal to 678 persons among which 386 persons were male and 292 persons were female. Sample volume was determined equal to 250 persons using Creakier and Morgan table and relative classify sampling method was used. Therefore, portion of each class (male and female employees) was first calculated in the statistical population and the same ratio was observed in the sample too. Statistical sample of employees contains 142 males and 108 females by gender separation.Two researcher self-made questionnaires were used for leadership development and performance to collect the required data. Although these questionnaires were standard and normalized, views of advisor and g uiding professors were reviewed to determine validity of the questionnaires. Cockroach alpha coefficients of leadership development and employees performance questionnaires ware equal to 0. 89 and 0. 86 respectively which illustrated high reliableness of both questionnaires. Results were analyzed through SPAS software.Analyzing results As variables under study follow normal distribution Pierson correlation coefficient is used in this survey to study the relationship among variables. Secondary hypotheses Hypothesis 1 HO there is no positive relationship between coaching and employees performance. HI there is a positive relationship between coaching and employees performance. 156 Table 1- Pierson correlation coefficient between coaching and employees reference Correlation between coaching and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 76 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) PO. OOI Result Significantpositive stipulation to results of table (1) because the calcula ted amount for Pierson correlation coefficient is significant at level a = 0. 01 it is inferred that hypothesis HO regarding cipher of relation is rejected by 99% confidence and hypothesis HI regarding existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed. Hypothesis 2 HO there is no positive relationship between education and development and employees&039 performance.HI there is a positive relationship between education and development and employees performance. Table 2- Pierson correlation coefficient between education and development and employees performance Correlation between education and development and employees performance Pierson Given to results of table (2) because the calculated amount for Pierson correlation existence of relation between the two variables is confirmed. Hypothesis 3 HO there is no positive relationship between empowerment and employees performance.HI there is a positive relationship between empowerment and employees performance. Table 3- Piers on correlation coefficient between empowerment and employees performance Correlation between empowerment and employees performance Pierson correlation coefficient (r) +0. 469 Number (N) 250 Significance level (P) P

Conservative, Liberal and Marxist History

annals has been understood differently by different people. While some get h r atomic number 18 of understood it as the study of the past events, new(prenominal)s have defined it as a record of world actions which have occurred in the past. 1 However the variety of definitions, it should be pointed out that score does not frame everything that happened in the past. Only those past activities which have had a bearing on the march be what whitethorn qualify to be worth account. 2 Just as there are populacey definitions of record, so are there art objecty branches of history.This essay is meant to define and illustrate the brilliance of three of the braches of history. These include conservativist, open-hearted and redness invoice. The essay is organized in two parts. The first part will provide in-depth reasonableness of the three terms, whereas the second part will show how of the essence(predicate) each of them is in the study of history. mercenary archives is one historical interpretation of history which traces its foundation in the word conservativism. Conservatism literary means preservation of what has endlessly been tradition.It is an ideology which favours posture quo and is very reluctant to accept turn. buttoned-ups prefer having things continues as they have been in the past. Any drastic change to tradition is take ined with suspicion. According to this ideology, governmental and new(prenominal) human institutions have endured through ages because of tradition. For this reason, change should only be accepted very gradu wholey. 3 Having looked at conservatism, it may flat be imperative to define Conservative report as that branch of history whose writings are based on maintaining history as has alship canal been written, without altering it.In this vein, this history favours tradition, as no perceptions or any former(a) radical passels are not markd. Conservative Historians may also write history not to preserve the p ast, but to remind smart set of the good olden tradition. The finishing in this case, is to see societies revert back to the value of earlier times. Because of its emphasis on the value of tradition, Conservative History has invariably perpetuated inequalities, absolutist regimes and domination of the poor by the upper class. 4 progressive tense History as the word open-handed suggests, comes from the Latin word liber meaning free.The word therefore, has more(prenominal) to do with freedom or liberty. Liberalism advocates for equality of hazard for every and allows maximum freedom to individuals while limiting the powers of government. The early form of Liberal History was a reaction to the conservative history, which was being considered as static. Liberal History advocated for the freedom of thought for historians as a musical mode of ensuring the fortify of humanity. Core to this branch of history is the mental picture that if historians are to write history which pro motes progress, then historians should not be controlled in trying to seek historical truth.The past, present and future are seen as being interconnected and influencing one another. Therefore, it is not necessary to emphasize one when all the three (past, present and future) collectively shape history of humanity. According to easy historians, it is mathematical to analyze history progressively rather than look at it as tradition. They totally differ with conservatives who may always want to maintain status quo in areas such as divine rights of kings and hereditary status among many others. They regard traditions as having no value other than hindering social progress.Further, they hold the view that traditions and other social practices should continually be adjusted for the benefit of humanity. In other words, Liberal History constitutes those historical accounts which are highly critical of certain traditions and cultures, referring to them as uncivilized, barbaric and primiti ve. 6 Marxist Historys origin may be traced to the works of Karl Marx (1818- 1853) who analyzed human history and concluded that it was all about class struggles. 7 It is also called Radical History.Marx theorized that in every historical era, there is always a dominating class and an oppressed class, as well as a struggle betwixt these classes. According to him, these struggles are perpetuated by the state and sparing conditions such as capitalism which produces oppressed classes. He contended that capitalists will destroy engage in brutal competitive struggles with each other, thereby giving an opportunity to the exploited laboring classes to rise up against capitalism and overthrow it so that they replace it with communism.In communism, there would be no classes and economic benefits would be shared equitably. 8 Marxist History is therefore, that interpretation of history on the basis of not only social and political factors but also economic factors. Marxist historians insist that privation and diseases of the poor people are as a result of social classes and conditions under which peasants lived and worked. 9 The base of mans problems was to be found in the division of society into classes. Therefore, in site building a society with no exploitation is only dependant on the forceful removal of the capitalistsystem.At the centre of radical history is the argument that the historical analysis of mans progress and development is meaningless unless that analysis puts into consideration the economic and social relations aspect. 10 This is unlike liberal history which only emphasizes the social and political factors in the analysis of mans development. So far, it is light(a) that Marxist History differs considerably from the other two branches discussed. For eccentric, whereas liberal history centres on mans progress, Marxist history is more concerned with changing the world.Marxist historians advocate for a radical transformation of the economic and soc ial conditions by removing capitalist relations. This would have to be done through a violent revolution. An example of radical historians is Paulo Freire who championed the cause of the oppressed in his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed. 11 In this book, he campaigned for the expelling of the poor who had been oppressed by the dominant classes. Having discussed the three branches of history in detail, the essay will now focus on the importance of each of these branches in the study of history.Merely defining the concepts without illustrating their relevance can cave in futile the need to understand them (branches) in the study of history. It should be noted from the onset that while all the branches discussed may have their faults or inadequacies, they all are very relevant in the study of history. many another(prenominal) a time, historians align themselves with one of the many branches, and this reflects in their works. The importance of Conservative History can neer be overemp hasized. What is life without tradition?No society would be what it is today without the contribution of past values and traditions. Though arguable, it could be true to assert that the world has evolved into what it is today because of the good values of the past. It is for this reason that discretion ought to be taken to ensure that societies and politics remain immune to temptations to change. Conservative history is premised on the old adage that the devil you know is demote than the angel you do not know. The emphasis on maintaining the status quo will definitely result in continuity and stability of societies and institutions.Conservative history gives an impression that things were better in the past than they are now and that there is need to go back to the olden ways. This is particularly true in the area of African education. Indigenous education was better compared to the current western education, which promotes nothing but social stratification and unemployment. The entire curriculum is so irrelevant, bookish, with very few practical subjects at selected levels of education12. However, looking into the past, it is vivid that traditional education which was finish offered ensured a rounded education and comprehensive preparation for real number life.There was no such thing as unemployment Owing to the fact the past was much better off than the present, conservative history plays an invaluable role in enlightening the present generations on the achievements of the past. Its stress on the need to return to the values of the earlier times has always been received positively. In Zambia for example, there are moves to ruralize the school curriculum so that it includes some of the traditional aspects which have direct relevance to societies.13 Further, tribute should be paid to conservative historians for their role in the re-writing of African History which had been greatly tarnished by some liberal historians. The first writers of African history portrayed it in a very negative way. The African ways of life were seen as heathen, barbaric, primitive, backward and uncivilized. 14 It had to take conservative African historians to try to erase the fabrications, omissions and stereotypes of compound historians. By eulogizing the African past, conservative historians have made a huge contribution to the study of history.Like Conservative History, Liberal history plays an eventful role in the interpretation of history. The notion of the past as a continuation into the present and future is very true and important. It is very true in the sense that society is indeed dynamic. The conditions of the past may not be the same conditions now. Therefore, societies cannot afford to be static in a fast changing world. For example, in the 1970s, Zambia and many other countries were under socialist and dictatorship regimes. It worked so well that time. However, in the 1990s, a wind of change blew, and countries could not afford to remain sta tic.Many socialist governments were toppled and replaced with more democratic and capitalist governments which espoused the principle of liberalization. The role of liberal history in promoting the progress of society cannot be overlooked. Besides, this is the only branch of history which makes it easy to analyze the past in order to understand the present and finally forecast the future. By supporting social progressivism, certain bad elements of tradition can be done away with. Such elements or practices include the divine rights of rulers, hereditary statusand other injustices. 15 In the study of history, this branch helps greatly in the intellectual of present events as offshoots of past events. In addition, it is the finis of liberal history to be written from several view points as long as it has mans freedoms at the centre. 16 This branch is very important because it allows for the different perspectives with people try to apologize historical events. Without liberal histo ry, there would only be one universal interpretation of historical facts. It concerns itself with the political and social life of societies.These are very cardinal aspects of history which demand for interpretation. Marxist history has an wide contribution it makes in the study of history. As discussed earlier, this branch fills the void left by liberal history. The latter(prenominal) only addressed the social and political aspects leaving the economic aspect which also contributes to mans progress in both political and social life. Though radical in nature, this branch provides a working interpretation or hypothesis of the existing social classes and consequent class struggles in mans history.17 It is therefore, possible to understand the source of the frequent conflicts between workers and owners of the means of production. Conservative and liberal history may not answer the questions of about poverty and diseases from which poor people suffer. Yet, these are very important ques tions in any study of history. Radical or Marxist history hence, becomes imperative because it provides answers to these questions. According to this branch, poverty and disease are as a result of the creation of classes based on economic factors.In other words, capitalism which is the main cause of division of societies is the base of mans problems and exploitation. 18 Another important aspect of Marxist history in the study of history is its role in trying to change the world. This branch of history attempts to cleanse the world of the social ills and inequalities by bringing them out in the open. It therefore, advocates for a radical transformation and liberation of the poors economic and social conditions. Careful analysis of Marxist history offers a good explanation for the under-development of Africa.Colonialism which brought with it capitalism, is blamed for the exploitation of African human and material resources. This intimacy is important in the study of African history. It is necessary to learn how African peasants and workers were stripped of their resources by the sordid colonial capitalists. Throughout the colonial period (and even now), Africans did not benefit from their resources. 19 Rather, they have always been suppliers of cheap labour to the capitalists. In summary, this essay has defined three of the many branches of history, namely Conservative Liberal and Marxist.Conservative history bases its writings on the preservation of what has been traditionally followed. It has no room for divergent and radical views other than the status quo. Liberal history on the other hand, emphasizes freedom of thought for historians as a way of promoting historical progress of humanity. It is a reaction to conservative history. Finally, Marxist history is a radical view of history which emphasizes the interpretation of history on the basis of both social and economic factors.The essay has further, illustrated the importance of each of the branches discus sed. Conservative history is cardinal to the understanding and appreciation of the past traditions and cultures. Liberal history facilitates an understanding of present events and projection of the future through analysis of the past. Economic inequalities and problems in mans history can be better explained by Marxist history. It is therefore, clear that historical accounts of all the three branches discussed are extremely relevant in the study of history.

Necrophilia Cases

Sex check to many or may I say, majority, is the highest enjoyment in the planet. But the unsatisfying nature of excite leads to the uninterrupted series of encounters. Sex with same sex was recognized, adult knowledgeablely attracted to children or pedophilia, and zoophilia the institutionalise of sex between homophiles and animals. necromania is a psychiatric expression for a pathological internal attraction to corpses. It is a very rare and unwell understood phenomenon.Legends with necrophilia themes are common throughout history and the innovation of inner interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the old-fashioned Egyptians, as noned by Herodotus (484 BCE -425 BC approx) When the wife of a distinguished man dies, or any charr who happens to be attractive or well known, her body is not given to the embalmers immediately, provided only after the lapse of iii or four days. This is a precautionary measure to prevent the embalmers from violating her corpse, a thing which is actually state to have happened in the case of a woman who had just died. (de Selincourt, translation, 1972, p. 161) In Psychopathia intimateis, in 1894, the original flex of Richard Von Kraft-Ebing, one of the beginning(a) psychiatric writers called necrophilia a horrible manifestation of sadism. Abraham A. Brill published the first comprehensive study of the subject in 1941, characterizednecrophiles as noeticly deficient, psychotic, and incapable of obtaining a consent partner. necromania has been linked with cannibalism and vampirism as all are considered perversions.In the British Journal of Psychiatry in 1978 by Neville Lancaster, reported a case of a 23 year old student of music at teachers training college in England. The student was convicted of the murder of a puppyish woman and was sentenced for breeding imprisonment. He admitted that he had broken into mortuary and had sexual contacts with female corpses on different occasions front to the murder. The student was evaluated with an IQ test and found no evidence of mental illness and had a popular romantic relationship with a music teacher.The authorities found out that he was a necrophile, who coveted to have sex with corpses, therefore decided to kill female victims and engage sex with a chic dead cadaver. In 1989, two dedicated psychiatrist, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick review 122 cases demonstrating necrophilic acts or fantasies. Both distinguish true necrophilia and pseudo-necrophilia from the different cases. They classified true necrophilia into three typesnecrophilic homicide murder to obtain a orpse for sexual sport regular necrophilia the use of already dead corpse for sex necrophilic fantasy just fantasizing sexual activities with a cadaver without carrying out any necrophilia. The pseudo-necrophilia has a transient attraction to a corpse but the corpse is not the center of the sexual confide. According to Rosman and Resnick, neither psycho sis, mental retardation, sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. The best motive for necrophilia is in possession of a not-rejecting and unresisting partner. Necrophiles choose occupation with memory access to corpses.Many psychologists, psychiatrists, and researchers psychoanalytical explanation for necrophilia and both Rosman and Resnick developed an empirical model to get a rich understanding of how psychodynamic events could lead to necrophilia (1) The necrophile develops poor self-esteem, due in part to a pregnant loss(a) He (usually male) is very fearful of rejection by women so desires a sex object who cannot rule out him and/or (b) He is fearful of the dead, transubstantiates his fear by means of reaction formation into a desire for the dead (2) He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with corpse, manytimes after exposure to cadaver.Extreme Cases of Necrophilia Ted Bundy, an American serial killer, killed numerous young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978, he eventually confessed to 30 murders total victims unknown. Bundy would bludgeon his victims, strangle and engage in rape and necrophilia. Edmund Kemper The Coed Killer Edmund Kemper, from Burbank, California started his escapades at a very young age. He mutilated two of the family cats and caught playing with his sister portraying death rituals.He was shipped off to his father twice as he keep on returning back, till in the long run he was sent to his grandparents in the foothills of Californias Sierras in the farm. At a young age 15, he hitman his grandmother and stab line her repeatedly by a kitchen knife for not allowing him to go with his grandfather to the fields. Ask for the reason why, I just wanted to see what it would be corresponding to shoot grandma. In May 7, 1972, Kemper picked up two girlfriends from Fresno State College while hitchhiking. He brought them to a unsay place and stabbed them to death and sexually abused the corpses.He took the bodies to his mothers place, dissected them and played with their organs and took Polaroids. He buried the bodies at Santa Cruz Mountain and tossed the heads into a deep ravine in the road. In September, he picked up a 15 year-old-girl, suffocated her and rape her corpse. He took her home, just like the others, dissected the body and buried it adjoining to Boulder Creek. In January 1973, he picked up a student from Sta. Cruz, forced her to the trunk and shot her. He raped the corpse before bringing her home, where he dissected the corpse, bag it and tossing it off at the drib into the ocean at Carmel.Less than a month after picking up two women and shot them to death, he raped both headless corpses. Their mutilated bodies were dumped into Eden Canyon. This time he turned his folly towards his sleeping mother. He beat his mother to death while lay sleeping in the bed with a claw hammer. He followed this by decapitating her and raping the headless corpse. He finished by taking the larynx an d dumping it at the garbage disposal. He was convicted of 8 counts of first degree murder, and asked what punishment you like, he replied. demolition by torture. Received 16 August 2000 accepted 10 November 2000.This report presents the case of a young man legally convicted twice on a charge of defiling the dead. All necrophilic acts were committed over a period of around 15 years. The examination results revealed a purely female-fixated necrophilia. In three cases, the perpetrator sputter the trunk of the corpses, placed the skin on his naked body and that stimulated him sexually. In several cases, he also used burial clothes that he had removed from the coffins and kept at home. The perpetrator had a long record of psychiatric treatment for his sexual inclination.These are just some of the recorded cases of necrophilia, a deterrent example of unsatisfied behavior. The psychiatrists and psychologists endless study of such behavior of mankind and its mysterious understanding con tributes deep assertion why such unearthly actions are committed. The unsatisfying nature of the human creation also tends to lead us that we are by nature happy. But we are searching amiss. guard in Zamboanga, Philippines are investigating into an alleged case of necrophiliaafter five graves were desecrated in fresh months.Starting in October last year five dead women and children have been exhumed from their graves at a cemetery in Barangay Mercedes and interfered with. The first instance back in October was a new-fangledly buried woman who authorities discovered dug up and placed on top of her resting place. Then in February a dead old lady was found exhumed from her grave, and this month a 17 year old girl and a 13 day old baby girl were also removed from their graves. The most recent case, which happened just days ago, involved a female teacher who was removed from her grave and hung upside round off from a post in the graveyard, suspended by her own stockings.The deceased womans underclothing had also been removed and placed on her head. Families of the deceased are said to be furious at the alleged sexual violation of the corpses. Police say they suspect a group of perpetrat The Dead clay Can Fantasize Physical Pleasure By Swarag Monday, January 7, 2008, 1717 IST A A A The term corpse may reduce us into a ball of fear, but there are some exceptionals, who can step a foot further to use them to fulfill their sexual desires. Such sexual attraction to corpses is called Necrophilia or Thanatophilia or Necrolagnia.Read the horrifying sexual fantasy that has been just another(prenominal) part of life from many decades. Welcome to the world of sexual horror Necrophilia in antiquated culture The necrophilia practices can be found in the artifacts of the Moche civilization of South America, where pottery personation skeletal figures engaged in coitus with living humans are among the ruins. In one of the ancient cultures Necrophilia was practiced as a sp iritual means of communicating with the dead. Some employed it as an attempt to revive the departed. an error occurred while processing this directive Legends with necrophilic themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egypt.. Causes Some of the main cause for such asymmetrical behavior towards sex are listed below, When a person, (usually men) experiences rejection of love by the opposite sex, every other day, he desires a sexual partner who is incapable of rejecting him. Alas He can have such a relationship only with the one that doesnt beat the rhythm of life. He also fears the dead and he tries to transform his fear by reaction formation into a desire. He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with a corpse, sometimes after exposure to a corpse. A research states that 68% of necrophiles were motivated by a desire for an unrejecting partner, 21% by a desire for reunion with a lost partner 15 % by sexual attraction to dead people, 15 %by a desire for comfort or to overcome feelings of isolation and 12 % by a desire to remedy low self-esteem by expressing power over a corpse.Another research conducted in England states that some necrophiles tend to choose a dead mate after failing to create romantic attachments with the living. Types of Necrophilia In 1989, two researchers, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick study 122 cases manifesting necrophilic acts or fantasies. They classified true necrophilia into three main types, Necrophilic homicide Here a necrophile murders a human to obtain a corpse for sexual purposes. Regular Necrophilia the necrophile uses natural dead corpse for sexual fantasies.Pseudonecrophile has a transient attraction to a corpse, but a corpse is not the object of his sexual pleasure. According to the two researchers, the most common motive for necrophilia is possession of an unresisting and unrejecting partner. Neither mental retardation, psycho sis or sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. Necrophile usually range between the age of 20 and 50 with occupations that provide ready access to corpses, mortuary attendants, gravediggers etc. Most individuals have been reported to be heterosexual.Laws Sexual Offenses Act 2003, states that sexual penetration with a corpse is illegal. However as of May 2006, there is no federal legislation specifically barring sex with a corpse. Treatment Treatment for necrophilia would be similar to that prescribed for most paraphilias like, cognitive therapy, individual psychotherapy, use of sex-drive reducing medications, assistance with improving loving and sexual relations, etc. The necrophile should also be assessed for associated psychopathology and treated accordingly.

Organisational Change Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational mixed bag counsel - Case Study ExampleThe boldness is also likely to face stiff competition from its competitors in the market whatsoever of who may be so aggressive consequently the need to encourage innovativeness as a steering to realizing the much demand transfer as some consider rebranding with the sole aim in mind. Effectiveness is of the essence owe to its ability to better place the organization far beyond its competitors. In invest to attain gamey projections its wise to be more conversant on how the market may be faring at any one time and could be facilitated when a good feedback system of rules is adopted (Berger, Sikora & Berger, 1994). In order to bring close agitate, change ought to begin at an individual level before it can be marketed. Staffs are thus expected to embrace a good attitude while going about their duties. This is due to its ability to increase productivity as most staffs are more motivated when this is achieved. A number of c onsiderations are thus looked at both at internal and external levels due to their import to this process. Such factors are able to affect the entire process in both direct and confirming way. In order to achieve much one ought to use his skills and knowledge appropriately while implementing change in line with upgrading current systems to match up with the changing world as (Managing Change, 2003). While championing change one is likely to realize that this if well managed could be used as an effective tool thus making it possible to overcome existing barriers which in a more efficient way. Factors triggering the need for Change Change management is a transformation process championed in an organization while striving at maintaining its relevancy in the industry. It could be adopted while trying to solve note problem or rather trying to take advantage of an opportunity in a more ambitious way before other players capitalize on it. A number of common features are stated infra an d could give us a clue on what may cause it. 1. A new system is likely to be acquired by the organization and thus could be working on modalities geared at its implementation (Nickols, 2000). Factors leading to much(prenominal) change could be externally or internally derived. 2. In some situations organizations may be forced to adhere to change owing to a change in statute law based on the laws of certain countries, social issues as well as competition (Nickols, 2000). During such events seldom does it have a say regarding such issues. How does Change Management work several procedures are followed while going about the change process. At the top of the list change trigger are noted and good strategies initiated till the entire process is implemented as illustrated Figure 1 The Change Management Model (L. A. Berger et al., 1994) Change Management Value A lot can be derived from this process essentially because it motivates them towards realizing the much needed change while limi ting barriers in existence at the organizational surroundings level. It is thus important to recognize the present need for change before taking any purposeful step to actualizing anything. When such problems are handled well organizations are more likely to derive much from such situation and could be because they could present an opportunity to them (Nickols, 2000). Table 1- Examples of Change Management Barriers/Drivers Example penury- lack of value or confidence dont care or understand the benefits Motivation

Construction Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Economics - Assignment ExampleThe exertion provides services such as maintenance, repairs and reclamation of existing structures.The effort comprises of three main sectors, which include spend a pennying kink, heavy and civil engineering and potency trade contractors. The building and construction sector includes contractors who build buildings for residential, industrial and commercial purposes. Heavy and civil contractors build roads, bridges, sewers and other major projects mostly link up to state infrastructure. Specialty deals with carpentry, painting and other works that relate to all types of construction. The industry teds to enter recessions first and often the last to recover. Most economic factors, which lead to recession, touch on the construction industry. Inflation is one of the major causes of recession where consumer goods become expensive go awaying to a drop in customer spending. In instances when the economy is expanding, there is increased co nsumer spending due to better wages and lofty disposable income. During the economic boom individuals have disposable income, which they use to buy durable goods and assets such as apartments and homes (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2004 p. 56). In addition, the state acquires more tax revenue, which it utilizes by developing infrastructure. All three sectors of the construction industry indicate tremendous growth during this period. ... This happens in the initial stages of economic contraction. The Federal Reserve additionally, increases the lending take pass judgment and mortgage rates leading to reduced loans. The monetary control and inflation affect the construction industry even when they are in the early stages of inflation. The fluctuating interest rates results to an increase in the number of defaulters since they are unable to pay (Agapiou et al, 1998, p. 56). Federal Reserve increase in interest rates and reduced money supply result to weak caparison market. The increase in lending affects the housing market, which comprises of the building sector of construction industry. Those already building houses are unable to continue due to escalating prices brought by rise in energy cost and fluctuation of currencies. Economic recession to a great extent affects the construction industry even in the early stages due to initial reduction in customer sending that result to a decrease in the demand of housing due to oversupply. Recession affects the industry more when compared to transport, schooling and financial industries. In addition, housing prices fall leading to a rise in foreclosures. Schmalensee (1987) says that the recession results to a rise in unemployment and thus a decline in the number of construction works (132). An asymmetry in supply and demands slows the construction of residential building due to increase in interest rates. For exercising during 2007 recession total construction in United States declined by 28% (Department of labor). Durin g recession, the government reduces its spending since its cypher is normally under strain. This results to a decline in heavy and civil sector of the construction industry, which heavily relies with government projects such as roads and