Creon and Antigone †Victims of Fate Essay Example for Free

Creon and Antigone – Victims of Fate Essay Sophocles put a lot of layers of meaning in his Creon and Antigone. For ancient Greeks these great tragedies were not only an entertainment, but they also possessed a lot of philosophical meaning which made people think about many different problems. When reading Sophocles’ play Antigone we get into a difficult life situation together with main characters, think about their choices and possible consequences of their mistakes. We can see two different systems of beliefs, two different worlds presented by two main characters Creon and Antigone. Creon is a carrier of the state power; he expresses obedience to his fate and obedience to the state laws. He is driven by the burden of responsibilities put on him by his high position. We see that he is ready to forget about his feelings and emotions in order to perform his duties. â€Å"Kings, my girl, have other things to do than to surrender themselves to their private feelings† he says to Antigone during their talk (Sophocles 42). He can not influence his destiny and it seems that everything is predetermined for him. Antigone is a complete antipode of Creon. She is lively, impulsive, enthusiastic and counts on her feelings and emotions. She can break the limits of the state laws and even does not feel guilty for that. â€Å"I didn’t say â€Å"yes†. I can say no to anything I think vile, and I don’t have to count the cost. But because you said yes, all that you can do, for all your crown and trappings, and your guards- all that you can do is to have me killed† (Sophocles 45). She is driven by completely different motives and her inner truth is more important to her than formal laws and regulations. She makes decisions, which determine her fate. She influences her own life and people around her. Antigone seems free and determine. She makes her decisions and is ready to take responsibility for them. We can find a lot of things, which unite them if we look deeper than just on the surface of the play. Creon and Antigone do not seem so different if we study their personalities better. They both are stubborn; they both are directed by their goals and do not want to step aside. They have different values and look for different things in life but both are ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of these values. Creon recognizes himself in young and passionate Antigone. â€Å"Don’t think me fatuous if I say that I understand you; and that at your age I should have done the same thing. A moment ago, when we were quarreling, you said I was drinking in your words. I was. But it wasn’t you I was listening to; it was a lad named Creon†¦he was thin and pale, as you are. His mind too was filled with thoughts of self-sacrifice† (Sophocles 50). He knows that they are alike, were alike if to be precise. But the burden of state responsibilities has changed his thoughts and deadened his feelings. His ideals were replaced by the obedience to laws and higher power. Like in the most Greek tragedies Creon is dependant on the will of whimsical gods and has little choice. The only his choice is whether to follow his destination or not. Creon makes his choice and obediently follows his fate. Antigone challenges not only social norms, but also her own destiny and will of gods. Antigone easily breaks with her beloved sister when she refuses to help her. She does not forgive her even when Ismene comes to prison and wants to share Antigone’s guilt. The same thing does Creon, when refuses to listen to the advice of his old and loyal friend Polyneices. Both, Antigone and Creon could sacrifice their dear people and just forget about them in the fight for their ideals. Both, Creon and Antigone have their own moral standards and live according to them. Works Cited Sophocles: The Complete Greek Tragedies. Edited by David Grene. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954-57.

The Virtuous Pamela of Virtue Rewarded Essay -- Virtue Rewarded Essays

The Virtuous Pamela of Virtue Rewarded      Ã‚  Ã‚   Samuel Richardson began his literary career when two booksellers offered him the opportunity to amass a publication for unskilled letter writers. While preparing this volume, a small sequence of letters from a young lady asking her father's counsel when endangered by her master's advances, entranced him. His enthrallment resulted in a shift in his work. The result was the tome Pamela; Or, Virtue Rewarded. The book has been subject to much inquiry. One such question critics ask is if the main character, Pamela Andrews, is truly virtuous or a convincing hypocrite. By understanding the character of Pamela, one must conclude Pamela is a truly virtuous young lady.    First, Pamela regards her virtue very highly. In the first letter from her parents, they write, "...the loss of our dear child's virtue would be a grief that we could not bear (46)." Throughout many of their following letters, her parents continue to warn her to be on guard of her virtue. Furthermore, as a poor girl, Pamela's virtue was all she had to offer a future spouse. In one letter, she tells of an account with Mr. B. In this account she says, "For heaven's sake, your honour, pity a poor creature, that knows nothing, but how to cherish her virtue and good name: I have nothing else to trust to (62)." After escaping captivity, she contemplates taking her life before renouncing her virtue.    Moreover, Pamela's virtue stems from her being a devout Protestant Christian. Throughout her letters, Pamela refers to Scripture over thirty times. Furthermore, she calls upon God numerous times in prayer. Moreover, after kidnapping Pamela, Mr. B. detains her for six weeks. Throughout her captivity, Pamela laments n... ...arriage bed is a gift of God. She looks on the prospect of such an established man with joy and happiness.    In conclusion, Pamela's virtue is a virtue of the very highest. She regards it very highly. Second, her virtue takes root in her Protestant Christian heritage. Thus, the Bible would guide her ethics. This high ethical standard manifests itself throughout the attacks of Mr. B. His attacks upset Pamela to a high degree. Outside of marriage, Pamela can never yield her innocence. Moreover, marriage seems impossible. Yet when Mr. B. humbles himself by giving his troth, Pamela becomes excited at the prospect of marriage. When married, she will no longer have any virtue to protect. She will marry as an unsullied bride.    Work Cited: Richardson, Samuel. Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. 1740. Ed. T.C. Duncan Eaves and Ben Kimpel. Boston: Houghton, 1971.

Having a New Member in a Family

When a child is used to being the baby of the family its hard to let go of that position. So for me finding out that a new baby was on its way it was very exciting, but than when the baby arrived it wasn’t very exciting after all. Everything change. As a result, I decided to built a fence that kept me separated from my family. I enjoyed being the baby of the house. I would always gets everything I wanted or asked for. I would think that basically the whole world revolved around me and only me. Everyone one always called me daddy’s little princess and that made me even more spoiled. I would love to be around my family play games with them do mostly everything. But, everything started to change once my mom made an announcement that she was pregnant. That moment was very important and surprising to everyone. I was happy that I was going to have a little sister or brother. After a while, everyone started paying attention to my mom and her tummy and that I wouldn’t get any. One day my uncle said to me that after the baby arrived he or she was going to be the new baby of the family, that it was going to take my spot. After I heard that I got sad, since I was used of having everyone spoiled me. From that moment on I was starting to drift away from my family. Months later my mom was ready to give birth one morning and I couldn’t go since I had school. Later that morning my dad told me and my brother we had a new baby sister. All throughout school I was thinking how my life was going to change. Lots of ideas popped into my head. I even thought of my parents forgetting about me. After school my dad came to pick me up so I could go to the hospital and visit. Once I entered the room I saw my mom holding a small human being. I was happy to see my new baby sister. I walked towards the bed and carried the baby. She was so small and her face was red with little white dots on her cheekbones, and she had a look of confusion. As I held my new baby sister I realized that she was going to need all the attention in the world even mine. I than also realized that I wasn’t a baby anymore that I didn’t need all the attention I always had that now it was going to be the baby’s turn to be daddy’s little princess. After that day I stopped acting like the world revolved about me because it never did. I gave my full attention to my baby sister. Everyone told me they thought I was going to get jealous and my respond was that I was at first but I than realized that she need it more than me. One day my dad told me that I was always going to be his little girl. I was glad he told me that. The fence I had built was just to damage the beautiful relationship I had with my family. It started to fall little by little as I started to become conscious that attention was nothing compared to having a family that cared about you. My family helped me tare down the fence because they showed me that just cause your growing doesn’t mean people are going to stop caring about you or not give you attention that there will always be a time where you have the spotlight.

Being Impaired A Social Problem - 1456 Words

We live in a society that is not very accepting of individual differences. There is always a norm to strive towards. But what happens if one is unable to meet these norms due to physical or mental impairment? Those who are affected by impairments are treated differently by typical-abled members of society, stigmatized, stereotyped, or pitied, all of which can make one feel subhuman. The way that our society reacts to individuals with physical and mental impairments is what causes them to be disabled. Disability is a social problem that hinders the flourishing of those affected by impairments. There are numerous ways that a person can be impaired, some appearing to be more severe than others. Some philosophers like Peter Singer argue that being impaired is a harm which requires biomedical intervention to help the individual affected to function in society and prevent them from suffering, and that if given the chance, we should select against disability ; however people affected by impairments have learned to adapt and live with their impairment. They are typically not suffering because they have one, as many assume. According to Barnes, being impaired is only part of one’s life; it does not necessarily make up the entire global concept their life quality (340). Barnes makes the argument that similar to being homosexual, a person with an impairment life would be harder, but we cannot assume that the person life quality is less than that of an unimpaired person. 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In 1991, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – a civil rights law was implemented across the U.S [with four sections] that prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities including deaf and hearing impaired people. The purpose of the ADA is to make sure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else. Each section of the ADA – employment, government, public accommodations, and telecommunications – lists services

Systems Theory Intervention - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5851 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Social Work Essay Did you like this example? The aim of this assignment is to analyse my intervention with a service user and her family whilst on my 80-day placement. Whilst on placement I critically explored the social work value base, having demonstrated how I worked within the framework of the social work process. I used a variety of intervention methods, however, I am going to examine the effectiveness of one method in detail, systems theory. Before commencing this assignment I spoke to the service user, her family and placement agency, asking permission to write about my intervention with them and everyone agreed to this. I assured them of confidentiality, names have been anonymised, and no reports or confidential documents have been included. I understand the concept of respecting individuals, and will not disclosure any material that will result in a breach of a persons integrity. Biesteck 1961, (cited in Dominelli, 2002) says confidentiality is a characteristic of the social work profession together with respect and self-determination. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Systems Theory Intervention" essay for you Create order The agency was part of the voluntary sector, located in an area of regeneration, with high levels of deprivation, poverty, and homelessness, being established because there was a recognition that the area was particularly needy due to high levels of unemployment, crime, lone parents, pensioners, poor housing, and people experiencing health and social problems. The agency contributes to alleviating some of the pressures of everyday living helping a diverse group, and targeting those who are most vulnerable, offering a varied support system. To improve the well being of those suffering poverty, deprivation, discrimination and other forms of oppression services including generic/family support, housing support, young carers, farming and rural health, 50 forward, HIV/Aids, and Active 8 are offered. By providing free support and advice to the community the agency enables individuals to empower themselves to access a range of services putting them in touch with health, community care services, voluntary agencies and support groups. Underpinning the work of the agency is the legislation of the Every Child Matters/Youth Matters Framework and, working within this agenda, the agency hopes to improve the lives of children and young people. Listening and working in partnership with families, and young people, to provide support, enables development of opportunities and appropriate action plans to improve outcomes. Using case work and one-to-one individuals are empowered to develop strategies and plans to deal with issues such as parenting, schooling, behaviour, debt, housing, mental health, relationship breakdown, benefit support and domestic violence. The agency has a good working relationship with the Childrens Directorate and other organisations and continues to update it policies and procedures according to new government frameworks and agendas. The agency works in partnership with childrens centres, schools, social services, health teams, educational welfare teams, housing associations and various others, provid ing ongoing support and intervention. At the agency I worked within the Children and Families Team, my role being a Family Support Worker. Practicing my role, I collaborated with social services, school, and other support networks giving a holistic service to my clients, which was important to achieve positive outcomes (Trevithick, 2000). My intervention was with a 12-year-old girl, who I will refer to as Amy, who had been referred by social services; her behaviour was causing concern due to relocation with her father and stepfamily. Amy had previously lived with her mother, with whom she had a good relationship, however, she involved Amy in age inappropriate conversations, had depression, alcohol issues, and allowed Amy to witness scenes of domestic violence. Amys mother was unable to care for her, and she was fostered until a few months ago. For several months Amy had been living with her father and stepfamily, and was finding it difficult to adapt to her new living arrangements. Social services had previously been involved, albeit in another region, hence the local authority felt further support and guidance was necessary to alleviate some of the familys problems. I have drawn a genogram to establish Amys direct family and stepfamily, a genogram enables immediate visual representation of the individual or family being assessed. (Parker and Bradley, 2006, pg.40). I did not attempt to include any extended family, the family being rather complex, as my main concern was to support Amy and her family to resolve their issues. (Please see appendix.) I supported Amy and her family to adapt to their new living situation, my work including one-to-one support, family support, advocacy and mediation, counselling skills, negotiation, adapting strategies and interventions to enable the family to adjust, supporting their emotional well-being and allowing them to move forward. My objectives were to resolve the conflict, address inappropriate behaviour, and support Amy with relationship issues with her father, boundary setting, and build her self-esteem. However, after my initial assessment, it became clear that all the family needed support; therefore, my interventions would have to involve the family as a whole. My work involved implementing positive strategies to support relationship building, empowering the family to change and become accustomed to the new family unit. I worked within the guidelines of Every Child Matters, green paper published 2003, underpinned by The Children Act, 2004 (Parker and Bradley, 2006) in order to recognise areas of need, and work with the family to try and achieve positive outcomes. Using the ASPIRE model, an essential tool which links assessment, planning, intervention, review and evaluation (Parker and Bradley, 2006), enabled me to highlight my clients needs and work effectively with them to improve their life opportunities. The social work process begins with referral, from which I acquired as much knowledge as possible in order to assess Amys family background, and the environment I was entering. It is important to identify any potential danger or risk before making home visits, for yourself and colleagues, (Trevithick, 2000) so in order to avoid mistakes I adhered to the lone worker policy of the agency, checking this with my work based supervisor. For all visits I detailed the address, time schedule, base contact, making sure to have my mobile on me at all times, and was responsible for entering details onto the agency case management database. By undertaking this responsibility I achieved Key Role 4 of the National Occupational Standards (NOS) Manage risk to individuals, families, carers, groups, communities, self and colleagues (cited in Higham, 2006). Assessment is a continual process, and changes with circumstances, so is central to making a difference. It concerns making judgements whilst remaining non-judgemental (Middleton, 1997). I found myself reflecting on this when undertaking the assessment. According to Milner and OByrne (2002) If assessment is effective then it makes it more likely that intervention will succeed (cited in Parker and Bradley, 2006 pg.8) My first visit to the family was with a social worker from the initial assessment team, enabling her to inform me of the family background. The social worker wanted to introduce me to the family and explain my involvement, and her subsequent withdrawal. As this intervention was early on in my placement I felt reassured having the social worker present, and it made the first contact less nerve racking. I asked key questions, gathered factual evidence in preparation for my intervention, meeting Key Role 1 of the NOS, enabling me to build a picture, examine all factors, focus and prioritise. Consequently, by looking at the wider picture and other social environmental elements I was able to work together with the family, and apply appropriate strategies to resolve their issues. First contact is very important, and I used my interpersonal skills to establish good engagement, communication is a central feature of interaction. (Thompson 1996, pg.8). During assessment, and throughout my interventions, I demonstrated the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Rogers, 1951) effectively by listening, showing respect, being open and honest as to how much we could achieve, whilst demonstrating anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice. This is the initial stage of systems theory, building a trusting, safe, understanding relationship, where we were able to identify goals, plan, make recommendations and negotiate to achieve the desired outcomes. I felt it was important to establish a relationship built on mutual trust and respect so I conducted my assessment, and subsequent visits, in the family home so that they all felt comfortable (Koprowska, 2005). I asked questions, actively listening and observing interaction at the same time, as according to Coulshed and Orme (1998, pg.48) Systems theory requires interviewing, assessment skills and counselling skills. Assessing the family dynamics, I made the decision to first and foremost support Amy and focus on her well-being, as I feel children are owed a greater duty of care. I wanted to make her feel secure and rebuild her confidence to enable her to flourish, and also because she was the presenting problem for the family. It was apparent that social, personal and economic factors were impacting on the family and they needed to overcome these obstacles in order to achieve positive outcomes. Using systems theory made it difficult to identify where to intervene. The complexity of their lives made it difficult to address single issues as they were interrelated, but if they could manage some issues maybe it will enhance their lives to some extent. Amy in particular was suffering intellectually, emotionally, and socially due to her feeling isolated, having relocated. At the same time Amy was also trying to cope with her past traumas, including the impact of witnessing domestic violence. Using myself as supplementary support I hoped to assist Amy to achieve permanent, stable, emotional and social relationships, allowing her to manage the transition from one family unit to another. Accepting there were multiple needs, I assessed that work with the family, as a whole, was also needed, in particular Amys father. He was in denial concerning Amy, and regarding the conflict and tension the situation was creating. Hence he was unable to find a solution to his own problems. I empathised with their situation, as their own strategies were proving ineffective. We discussed how to achieve an improvement building on their strengths, adapting and incorporating them to make a realistic goal plan. Looking at their positives and strengths promoted not only anti-oppressive practice but increased the familys motivation allowing them more potential, builds on peoples strengths rather than analysing their defects, providing help rather than treatment. (Doel in Hanvey Philpot 1994, pg.23) After completing my assessment of the family we worked together to construct a plan of action, which according to Coulshed and Orme, (1998) are essential practice skills when using systems theory, allowing me to achieve Key Role 2 of the NOS. My work with Amy and her family included identifying problems, acknowledging that change was needed, listening to what the family wanted, implementing survival strategies enabling them to cope, whilst being non-judgemental and non-directive. We clarified and prioritised what issues needed addressing, empowering the family. This enabled me to ascertain what help they thought they needed, not necessarily what I thought. I felt this was important, as I wanted to work with the family, not for them, to achieve positive outcomes. Dominelli (2002) reinforces this, change is easier if the directions that professionals and users wish to follow coincide. (Pg. 25) The second stage of systems theory, is where I worked with the family to address their needs, engaging them to work with me and achieve their potential. Using my communication skills I gained their trust, which allowed me to get the family to co-operate and participate in determining the direction of change. My role as a professional was not to take sides, but to treat all members with respect, promote negotiation, and offer assistance with goals. These had to be realistic and achievable so together we came up with the following plan: Introducing strategies to help address Amys behaviour Advocating, acting as a confidant for Amy, enabling her to feel less isolated and able to speak freely about her mother Relationship building with Amys father using attachment theory Family support working together to remove barriers implementing positive parenting, and building relationships Work with step-mother to address feelings of inadequacy, and low moods (she was mildly depressed about the family situation) Weekly visits to discuss how the changes were working, and if not adjust accordingly, offering emotional support. The aim was to improve Amys behaviour and integrate the family, building relationships, so that they could live peacefully together block dysfunctional interaction patterns, and coach the family in new behaviours. (Davies 2002 pg.149) My interventions consisted of a number of methods, the family structure being complex. It was important to understand their needs, as not all families comply with the nuclear family structure, and have differing needs. My original referral was to work with Amy but this was deflected and became the whole family, therefore, I had to adapt using such methods as systems theory, person-centred, attachment and some task centred. I chose these methods to identify the needs of the whole family, as I felt certain methods would work well with the different individuals. The methods of intervention I used were to some extent influenced by agency policy, although the approaches used were unrestricted. I would have liked to have spent longer with this family but the agency remit is for effective short-term work, supporting families with early intervention. Prevention and well-being are important agency agendas so as to avoid dependency. The agency has funding to perform certain types of work; therefore, a cost centred approach is used, closely monitoring business and action plans to establish outcomes. The agency uses the person centred approach to empower individuals, working within Every Child Matters, Youth Matters and Local Area Authority agendas, making the services accessible to all so it has to limit expenditure and distribute evenly across all projects. Within the family support project the agency preferred to use positive parenting strategies to empower families. I tried this method with Amy and her family but felt it was ineffective and to some extent patronising; hence I adopted my own interventions. The interventions I used were not questioned, as positive results could be demonstrated, although regular case reviews were carried out to monitor progression, discuss ways forward, and the effectiveness of methods used. If no progress was visible it would be suggested that the case be closed or referred to another agency. I used systems theory, which evolved from biology and engineering and was developed by Pincus and Minahan, 1973, being further developed by Goldstein, 1974, (Coulshed Orme 1998), in my intervention as it is interactive and focuses on the consequences of one persons actions on another. The background to this method is scientific and complex, suggests all organisms are made up of subsystems, which in turn are affected by environmental factors, super-systems. Each system will have its own subsystem, with different objectives, enabling functioning. Although I used this method, to work positively with the family and its subsystems, it is debateable in relation to its significance to social work (Healy, 2005) as it uses complex language, relies heavily on science and maths, and does not fit in with human activity according to Germain, (1979) (cited in Payne, 2005). All systems have inputs, throughputs, outputs and feedback loops (Payne, 2005), which can be applied to social systems, with all elements interconnected and mutually dependent. The action of one part not only affects others but may rely on them for its continued existence and undoubtedly the survival of the complete system, although according to Siporin, (1980) in practice this does not seem to happen, and it should not be assumed all parts are interrelated to maintain equilibrium. Families connect as a unit; go through life cycles, and what each member does effects the rest of the family, circular causation (Davies 2002 pg. 148). Problems arise because of inadequacies in the functioning of the system, or family. Consequently I had to assess contributing factors, such as the home, friends, family, school and neighbourhood as to why the malfunction had occurred, as exchanges between these systems will effect change in the family. Using this method I identified the family as a system with subsystems to see how it was impacting on Amy. All systems have boundaries and in the familys case I needed to assess if these were permeable or rigid. Boundaries are complicated, and by encouraging social workers to look at other issues which may be irrelevant, personal issues can get neglected (Siporin, 1980 cited in Payne, 2005). Systems theory was valuable, as it dealt with everyone rather than each individual, and improved functioning as a whole. Hanson, 1995, argues the value of systems theory is that it deals with wholes rather than with parts of human or social behaviour (cited in Payne, 2005). I felt this method would benefit the whole family as effective communication had broken down, and it involves all members, the family hierarchy, rules, boundaries, and promotes change and stability During this period of adjustment to the new family unit Amys family had their own individual challenges and struggles. When change occurs families often struggle, finding it difficult to interact. Systems theory concentrates on interactions and relationships (Koprowska), therefore, offering this method enabled me to assist the family, supporting them while they restructured. Social workers are the maintenance mechanics oiling the interpersonal wheels of the community. (cited in Howe, 1996 pg.54) Pincus and Minahan (Payne, 2005 pg.145) identified 3 helping systems: informal or natural systems i.e. family formal systems i.e. community group societal systems i.e. schools and 4 systems within social work; the change agent system, the client system, the target system and the action system. Using this method I identified myself as the change agent system, Amy, her father, and stepmother as client/target systems, with the whole family, myself and school as the action system. Working alongside other members of the action system provided support, allowing me to use them as a resource to achieve the aims of the intervention. Amys behaviour was the familys main priority as this was having an adverse effect, resulting in dysfunction of the system. Her behaviour was a way of gaining attention and linked to the separation from her mother. Amy felt rejected, not part of the family, resulting in her feeling isolated and alone. I felt Amy needed nurturing, a self-esteem boost and attachment to her father. We needed to work together to address Amys behaviour, before it became unmanageable, and allow her to change being conscious of the feedback loop that works within the family, or system, allowing capacity for change (Coulshed and Orme 1998, pg.47). Amy expressed a desire to be heard, feeling no one cared and everyone was against her, especially her father. I suggested weekly family meetings to allow the family to adapt to their new situation, air their views, without interruption, and to establish boundaries. This proved extremely effective, was enjoyable for them, and provided all the family with a role, addressing issues together. The family were able to support each other integrating each system to some extent. To manage Amys behaviour I gathered some information off the agencys positive parenting website to present to Amys parents, as I thought these would be useful and of interest. I did not wish to patronise or preach but open up their options, offering more tools and empowering them to set goals for themselves. I reassured them of their strengths, discussed expectations and to expect setbacks, however, by being realistic, persevering, and with support the outcome could be favourable. I assured them that children are extremely resilient, can thrive, and if a child resides in a safe, nurturing environment they will grow to feel secure. A bad start does not always necessarily mean a bad future. I noticed Amy reacted differently in the presence of her father and appeared a little apprehensive. After a number of visits it became apparent that Amys father was oppressive and belittling towards her, making her feel inadequate and useless (Dominelli, 2002). On one occasion he actually said to me Have you read her story? Its useless, its all about herself. There was tension in the room and I felt concerned at his remarks but contained myself by focusing on Amys vulnerability. Amy was unable to speak for herself so I advocated for her, meeting Key Role 3 of the NOS, and replied Yes Ive read her story and its really good. Many bestsellers are often autobiographical. I felt it was of utmost importance to deal with this system sooner rather than later. Payne (2005) suggests it helps to identify the source of oppression to work in an anti-oppressive way, incorporating an anti-discriminatory perspective. One of the benefits of systems theory is that it is very broad; hence, you are able to integrate it with other theories to promote positive outcomes. Giddens, 1984, argues by incorporating theories it allows for a strong emphasis on peoples capacity for influencing their social situation. (Payne, 2005 pg.149) In order to enhance Amy and her fathers relationship I introduced attachment theory alongside systems theory. Attachment, defined by Ainsworth (1989) as an affectional bond (Prior, 2006, pg.57), and according to Bowlby, (1951) is when a strong bond does not develop at an early age affecting a childs social and emotional development. Amys father, being absent from her life, played no active role, therefore, she had not attached. Amy had a negative attitude towards her father as he ignored her, did not listen and prevented communication with her mother. He was unknowingly oppressing Amy with his negativity, and he thought by ignoring her she would be quiet. I encouraged building a relationship, being more positive towards each other, with her father praising her for good behaviour etc. To improve Amys behaviour we devised a reward chart, using token economy, although criticised by some as unethical, it worked because the action system was consistent, and Amy enjoyed it. This method worked, improved her well-being, boosted her self-esteem, allowing her to identify her difficulties, empowering her to acknowledge that she needed and wanted to change her behaviour. We set realistic, achievable tasks for gradual change, encouraging Amy to participate, boosting her confidence. Occasionally Amy found the tasks difficult so we reviewed and adapted them as necessary, giving her praise and incentives. Amy was crying out for love, approval, and abasic need for acceptance, however, communication had broken down. Re-building Amys relationship with her father established trust, and she felt secure enough to express her feelings. Amys father became more positive and accepting, making me question my thoughts and feelings towards him earlier in the intervention. I believe it is important to be aware of your feelings, recognising changes in order to manage them. Thompson, (2000) states: It is also important to note that a non-judgemental attitude is important as a basis for a sound working relationship (pg.110). To support them I used emotion cards allowing communication of thoughts, feelings and understanding of one another, which worked really well. It allowed them to spend more time together, getting to know each other, and form an affectional bond (Prior, 2006, pg.57), enabling Amy to talk freely about her mother. The experience benefitted Amy providing security and enabling her to grow in confidence (Bowlby, 1951). Leaving the cards with the family, I suggested they spent time exploring their thoughts and feelings to address underlying issues. In order to move forward Amy needed to talk about what happened with her mother and these cards were beneficial to her emotional well being, giving her coping skills. We reviewed events weekly and it was encouraging to hear that the family used the cards during a family meeting, empowering themselves. Although, systems theory was the foundation for my intervention I also used Carl Rogers (1951) person centred approach to establish an open, honest relationship with the family (Koprowska, 2005). I chose this method with Amy and her stepmother, who I will refer to as Susan, as I felt it would be individual to each member and they would drive it, also it would encourage depth and exploration of their feelings (Mearns and Thorne, 1999, pg.51) shows that she understands the feelings and thoughts being expressed by the client. I wanted to support them both emotionally empowering them to embrace change and move forward. Using person centred counselling with Amy was extremely important, allowing her thoughts and feelings to be heard, and promoting anti-oppressive practice. By asking Amy what she wanted, listening, keeping her informed, giving feedback, and involving her in the process I counteracted her negative image of adults, allowing her to take control and empower herself, building her self-esteem. This approach allowed me to create conditions of trust to overcome constraints and see the situation from her perspective. This was important as it allowed me to build a positive relationship with the family. I presented Amy with a secret diary to record her thoughts and feelings to discuss weekly. We discussed her behaviour and how this impacted on the family. Causing rifts within her stepfamily put her at risk of isolation, and also of possibly being put into foster care again, as Susan felt unable to cope. I highlighted to Amy that the family situation was not ideal for all members, not just herself, however, by working together to achieve a compromise issues could be resolved. Persuading her this was the way forward was a skill, according to Coulshed and Orme, (1998), essential to applying systems theory. By showing Amy respect, valuing her and maintaining confidentiality she reflected on her behaviour and saw how this affected her family. Supporting Amy and Susan allowed emotional development, as both were in a vulnerable position regarding their family situation. Being empathic and understanding encouraged them to feel secure enough to share information knowing I would respect their confidentiality, at the same time unburdening themselves. Using Rogers principles alongside systems theory built up trust between us, with no barriers, encouraging an equal relationship. Mearns and Thorne (1999, pg.97) sum this up, Mystery evokes the illusion of power; transparency dissolves it. This contributed to sustaining a good working relationship. Susan found issues within the family really stressful and felt unable to cope, being in the middle of all the arguments. This affected her mental well-being, and I felt she was close to walking out on the family. I had to rectify this system fairly quickly or risk the subsequent breakdown of all the systems. Susan was the pivotal system holding the others together so I worked alongside her to seek solutions. She actively engaged in other activities such as using the emotion cards and spending time with Amy in order to build a relationship but she was finding the situation draining. We talked openly enabling Susan was able to express her thoughts and feelings, although tearfully. I supported Susan showing empathy and told her not to expect too much of herself. I felt the family demanding too much of her, and she was trying a little to hard to please everyone. I suggested some time out, leaving the family for an hour or so to cope on their own, even if it was only going round to her dads or a friend. Susan needed a break from the stress factors to recharge herself. She felt unburdened talking to me, as I was actively listening, and she was really appreciative, so I suggested that she talk to her husband, explaining her feelings. This was effective as her husband had not realised how she was feeling, being caught up in his own thoughts, resulting in her feeling calmer and more able to cope. To support Susan further I intimated to Amy that maybe the rest of the family could cook a meal for Susan to show how much they loved and appreciated her, which would boost her self-esteem. This would enable each sub system to carry out a task, working together achieving a family purpose, and improve functioning. As a result of the intervention the family interacted more optimistically, which is the central aim of systems theory (Healy, 2005). I regularly reviewed the work undertaken with the family, and my assessor, adjusting and adapting strategies to suit their needs. Mediating between the different systems enabled me to re-establish less destructive relationships. My intervention with this family was very intense and I became very close, and maybe a little too friendly, with Amy and Susan, going home mentally drained. I used my supervision to express these feelings, asking for guidance on professional boundaries and methods of detaching. My assessor, acted as a container (Froggett, 2002), providing me with direction. This helped me focus on my strengths instead of my weaknesses. Learning is an ongoing process; hence I was able to develop new skills to effectively manage my practice. The final stage of systems theory is the ending, a significant element of the structure (Healy, 2005). At the outset I explained to the family that my intervention was only short term, avoiding dependency. Coulshed and Orme (1998) suggest termination is built in from the beginning (pg. 118). Systems theory is only a temporary solution and families often need more support, therefore, not wishing to leave Amy without support, I put in place, with her familys consent, other networks at school for when my placement ended. Amy was sad I was leaving, however, systems theory enabled me to explore her feelings and we discussed the benefits of continued support, and she was happy to be referred to a school counsellor. Abrupt endings, in which the service user has no part in the decision-making, leave room for the event to be interpreted as a rejection or abandonment. Miller (2006, pg.45) Amy had made good progress at home and school, and the family were adapting and managing their new family unit with the tools provided, attaining equilibrium for the present. My last two weeks were in a supporting role rather than an intervention and as Trevithick (2000) states providing the right kind of support we could release the momentum and motivation towards self- sufficiency and independence called self-actualization (p.33). Implementing systems theory allowed me to understand the family, respond appropriately, and highlight their strengths (Healy, 2005) whilst promoting anti-oppressive practice. Systems theory helped each system within the family, allowing me to promote change at micro level, if only on a small scale Healy (2005). Using systems theory allowed me to gain an overview of the family, and consider how social structures impacted on them (Parker and Bradley, 2006). I was able to think more widely, integrating systems theory with other methods, allowing me to identify and concentrate on more than one system. Although using systems theory allowed me to integrate other theories I could not have used it on its own, as it would have been inadequate, In seeking to be relevant to all presenting problems, generalist models are relevant to none. (Barber, 1991, pg.28 cited in Milner and OByrne, 1998). Without using the person centred approach I would not have achieved any depth, or built a trusting relationship with the family. A barrier I faced when using systems theory was that it is too general, with no clear guidelines as to the correct way of applying it (Leighminger, 1978 cited in Payne, 2005). I did not know what to expect, or how each system would react, thus I had only limited control over the intervention. Another problem with systems theory is the lack of empirical evidence to explain why situations occur or connections exist within families (Healy, 2005). Families are hard to understand, changing all time, Complex familial, social, . Factors and their interconnections can be difficult to identify and unravel (Trevithick 2006 pg. 280) and although systems theory allowed me to observe the family in their environment, it is complicated and does not explain how families interact daily, when not faced with challenges. I found my intervention fulfilling, although I was not sure I had the ability or expertise to assist with such a complex structure. My weaknesses were highlighted, however, I developed my practice to manage these. The family still have a long way to go, as I had insufficient time to address all their problems. Nevertheless, I feel confident that by laying the foundations on which to build I helped them to make sense of their situation and adapt accordingly. It was extremely satisfying to identify some positive outcomes, and by providing the tools, offering support and guidance, the family empowered themselves to improve their lives. Placement experience provided me with various learning opportunities, which enhanced my skills and increased my self-confidence. I was able to demonstrate skills learnt during my first year and incorporate these into practice, alongside theory, allowing me to communicate with, and empower individuals to take control of their own lives. Finally, being part of a system enabled me to ensure people are receiving the resources and services adequate for their needs. Bibliography Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (2002) Social Work Themes, Issues and Critical Debates, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Coulshed, V. and Orme, J. (1998) Social Work Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Davies, M. (2002) The Blackwell Companion to Social Work, 2nd edition, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Dominelli, L. (2002) Anti-oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Every Child Matters (2005) Background to Every Child Matters (h ttp://www.everychildmatters.co.uk/aims/background/ Froggett, L. (2002) Love, Hate and Welfare, Psychosocial approaches to policy and practice, Bristol, The Policy Press Hanvey, C and Philpot, T 1994 Practicing Social Work, London, Routledge Healy, K. (2005) Social work theories in context: creating frameworks for practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Higham, P. (2006) Social Work Introducing Professional Practice, London, Sage Publications Ltd Howe, D. (1996) An Introduction to Social Work Theory, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Company Koprowska, J. (2005) Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Social Work, Exeter, Learning Matters Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1999) Person-Centred Counselling in Action, 2nd Edition, London, Sage Publications Ltd. Miller, L. (2006) Counselling Skills for Social Work. London, Sage Milner, J. and OByrne, P. (1998) Assessment in Social Work, Basingstoke, MacMillan Press Ltd Parker, J. and Bradley, G. (2006) Social Work Practice: Assessment, Planning, Intervention and Review, Exeter, Learning Matters Payne, M. (2005) Modern Social Work Theory, 3rd edition, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Prior, V. and Glaser, D. (2006) Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders: Theory, Evidence and Practice, London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers Thompson, N (1996) People Skills. A Guide to Effective Practice in the Human Services, Basingstoke, Palgrave Thompson, N. (2000) Understanding Social Work Preparing for Practice. Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan Thompson, N. (2006) Anti-discriminatory Practice. Basingstoke, Palgrave Trevithick, P. (2000) Social Work Skills, A Practice Handbook, Berkshire, Open University Press Trevithick, P. (2006) Social Work Skills, A Practice Handbook, 2nd edition, Berkshire, Open University Press

Substance Abuse Among Nurses Essay - 920 Words

Introduction Over the years, substance abuse in the United States has become a persistent issue affecting many individuals. In 2008, it was estimated that 17.8 million Americans over the age of 18 where substance dependent (Epstein, Burns, Conlon, 2010). Many of these individuals being affected are nurses. Ponech (2000) stated that approximately 10% of the nursing population has alcohol or drug abuse problems, and 6% has problems serious enough to interfere with their ability to practice (as cited in Talbert, 2009, p.17). Studies show that nurses have a 50% higher rate of substance abuse compared to the rest of the public (Epstein et al., 2010). Among the many factors that contribute to the nurse’s issue of substance abuse,†¦show more content†¦As in the emergency department, nurses were 3.5 times as likely to use marijuana and cocaine (Young, 2008). Nurses are using substances as a coping mechanism to their stressful work environment. Excessive workload due to the nursing shorta ge, shift rotations, working longer hours and floating to different units leads nurses to high stress levels (Epstein et al., 2010). In addition to alcohol and substances nurses can access in the streets, nurses can also abuse substances at work through their patients medications. Easy access to the drugs is another important factor contributing to nurses who substance abuse. As stated by Serghis (1999) the availability of medications in the workplace has been linked to substance abuse among nurses (as cited in Talbert, 2009, p.17). Part of the nurse’s duty every day is to give medication to their patients, which exposes them to have easy access to drugs. Nurses who take medication from their patients for their own personal use are always using the maximum PRN dosage when other nurses use less (DeClerk, 2008, p. 12). The healthcare field accepts the use of medication and so nurses may perceive the wrong idea by making use of patients drugs themselves. Medications are easily accessible to nurses, who may believe erroneously that they have the ability to control their own medications use because of their experience with administering medication to patients (Talbert, 2009, p. 17). In the caseShow MoreRelatedSuicide And Substance Abuse Among Nurses1687 Word s   |  7 Pages Suicide and Substance Abuse Among Nurses Associating nurses with the word suicide or drug addict is a taboo concept. Nurses are seen as the gate keepers to those that are sick and disabled. Due to the increase in incivility and workplace bullying in healthcare nurses are experiencing an increase in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. Organizations currently do not impose mental health screening for new and current nurses ranging from a numerous amount of reason. 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Principle of Australian Business Law

Questions: 1. Demonstrate a working knowledge and understanding of the principles of Australian business law within the context of the prescribed readings; 2. Identify and analyse relevant facts, problems and legal issues from a given scenario and develop an argument in response, discussing available options in the context of business law. Answers: Solution I I am the owner of a sea food business; I want to establish now a restaurant which is to be named "Catch of the Day. There are different areas of laws that are required compliance for the same. The Issues with respect to this case are: What are the compliances that are required under different laws in Australian for the business? The process of compliance requires identifying of the (a) regulations and law that are applicable to the business; (b) areas where the business can be at a risk of breaching it. Area of the law of that is applicable to the business is: (i) trade practice, fair trading, and consumer protection; (ii) contract law; (iii) industry code, licensing and standards; (iii) employment, anti-discriminatory, and privacy. Compliance with regulations and law imposed externally that is regulation and law which is enforced and administered by industry associations, government, regulators and any other outside bodies are termed as regulatory compliance. However apart from regulatory compliance, there is also compliance towards one's own contract which is the basis of commercial transactions. In the case of any breach in compliance the ACC (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission) and ASIC (Australian Securities and Investment Commission) are proactive in investigating and fining such breach of compliance. Thus, it necessary for opening the restaurant that all the compliances are followed through without any breach this will ensure that the risk of law breaking is minimized, and consequences for the same are not suffered. The organizations that tend to avoid or ignore compliance have to pay the heavy fine for the same. In the landmark case of ACCC v Visy (ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Limited, [2007]) the factor which the court had taken into account for deciding the penalty was that the corporate culture of the company was favorable to the compliance of the Trade Practice Act (now the Competition and Consumer Act 2010). However, the trial court judge stated that the Visy's Trade Practice Manual might have as well been written in Sanskrit for all the notice anybody ever took of it. In another case of ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty. Ltd. (ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty. Ltd, [2011]), it was opined that the advertising campaign that was launched by it "Think Big" with respect to their broad-band and internet was misleading in nature and hence they were fined. It is extremely important to comply with the provisions since Compliance it not only for keeping the regulators satisfied but also it can have essential commercial benefits. Thus, one of the compliances that the restaurant needs to ensure is that there is no conduct that could be termed as misleading. Under the Australian Consumer Law there are broad prohibitions that have been given for the acts that can be termed as misleading or deceptive and such representations have been prohibited. It is both enforcement and compliance that The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is engaged in with respect to claims labeling including the origin claims country. A business establishment in the first place would require the registration of the business name with ASIC, taxation registration, and industrial agreements. Thus, in the first I would be required to first register the name of the Company with ASIC. Intellectual property right is protected by the company by registering the trade mark which is not compulsory or registering the business name of the company which is compulsory significant Australia wide protection is provided on registration of the company for the name of the company. When the name of a business or a product is trademarked there is an exclusive right that is obtained on the name for using it in Australia. The registration of the trademark is required under either one or more of the classifications of the goods which are total 45 in number services or goods provided by the trademark that are registered (Banerji, 2011), since it is a restaurant it would be registered under Class 43. Thus in order to ensure that there is no other business in the Australia with the same name only registration of the company is sufficient however trademark ensures exclusive right to the business. A very important compliance is the compliance of the Australian Consumer Law and Sale of Good Acts and ensuring that there is no misleading conduct or representation. One of the landmark cases of misleading conduct has been the case of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 330 in which post ACCC's action it was found by the Federal Court that the consumers had been misled by Coles due to their representation that the in-house bakeries of Cole were baking the bread that was being sold by them (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd, [2015]). On the packaging of the bread, it stated that the bread was Baked Today, Sold Today' and in some places it was mentioned as Freshly Baked In-Store.' These products, in fact, were par-baked i.e. they had already been baked partially and then frozen off-site by a supplier and in some of the cases, this supplier was from overseas. These were then transported and finished in the bakeries that were in the house. It was opined by the court there was deceptive or misleading conduct that the Coles had engaged in, and the representations that had been made by them was false or misleading to promote the bread that they were selling. The declarations that the court made was injunctions were ordered, and the advertisement was asked to be corrected, and also $2.5 million was attracted. Thus, to avoid any kind of penalty, it must be ensured that at any cost there is no conduct of the business that could be termed as being misleading. Further at the time of leasing or buying a property for the business, it is necessary to ascertain which, are the fixtures to the property that will become the propertys part. There is as mentioned above a difficulty that arises in ascertaining the whether the property is a chattel or a fixture and this can be seen in the case of Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo (Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo, [2016]) wherein it was held by the New South Wales Supreme Court whether or not seats which had been bolted to the floor and were attached to each other in a theatre could be considered as chattels or fixtures. The court ultimately held that these seats were chattels and not fixtures, and the test had been laid down stating that chattels shall be determined on the basis of whether they have been fixed for some permanent purpose or for only temporary purposes(Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo, 1938). Solution II In the given situation there is a pizza business which is owned by Manny and Bella, who call the pizza joint Perfect Domino Pizza. They had wanted to buy from Tuscan a heavy duty oven. The requirement of this oven was that it could at least bake 30 pizzas an hour for 16 hours daily. The manager of Tuscan informed Bella and Manny that the Tuscan XX will fulfill their requirements. They prior to receiving the Tuscan XX advertised it as MB Oven, however, after installation, it was discovered that it was only 12 pizzas that the oven could delivery in an hour and it was not at all reliable. This oven due to its default caused the company profit. They went to Tuscan regarding this however Tuscan did not listen to them. In the given case there could be legal action that arises from Manny and Bella for (i) breach under the Sale of Goods Act, and (ii) deceptive or misleading conduct by the seller. There also lies a case against Manny and Bella for (a) infringement of trademark; (b) misleading and deceptive conduct and (c) infringement of the patent (Anderman, 2007). Solution The Sale of Goods Act states that for the purpose that the goods have been bought for they should be reasonably fit for that. There are three requirements that are required to be observed (i) the particular purpose for which the goods were bought for the buyer had informed the seller; (ii) seller's judgment and skill were relied on by the buyer; (iii) the product is of the type that the seller supplies usually. Since Manny and Bella had relied on the seller's skill and knowledge for buying the product and they had also prior informed the manager regarding the requirement. Other than that the store was supplying ovens to other buyers as well. Thus, there had been on the part of the Store a breach with respect to the reasonable fitness of the product (Jain, n.d.). Further, it has also been stated under the Sale of Goods Act that where there is the sale of goods by the seller to a buyer apropos of a particular description, then it is required that the product should be consistent with the description. Further even if the good was inspected by the buyer, he could still recover the damages as it was the sale by description (Beale v. Taylor, [1967]). Thus, Manny and Bella can recover damages under Sale of Goods as it was on the basis of a particular description that they had bought the product. In the case where goods are bought by the buyer on the basis of description then there is an implied condition that the good is of merchantable quality. There is a breach of implied terms of merchantable quality of products and fitness when it is on the recommendation of the seller that the goods are purchased (David Jones v. Willis, [1934]). Various statutory obligations have been provided under the Australian Consumer Law, which has been imposed upon the supplier and manufacturer of goods with respect to advertising and marketing (Merrilees and Cotman, 1976), liability towards product, guarantee related to the quality and safety of the product. The guarantee consumer protection has been made available to the consumer who either purchase, lease or hire service or goods the cost of which is $40 000 or less or which the consumer has acquire for purposes that are for domestic, household or personal use. Section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law prohibits any corporation to engage in a conduct which is either deceptive or misleading in nature, and this section of Australian Consumer Law is the provision that is most litigated and known. The section 18 has been designed to protect the consumers right. A deceptive or misleading conduct would be said to have occurred when an individual makes another individual make an error (Miller (2010) 241 CLR 357 at 368 [15] per French CJ and Kiefel JR Google Inc (2013) 249 CLR 435 at 465 [92] per Hayne J.). Along with section 18, there is also a breach under section 29 for misleading or false representation for which Manny and Bella can sue. There has been misrepresentation by the Company through its Manager stating that the oven could perform whereas in reality the oven was underperforming thus Manny and Bella would receive compensation for this misrepresentation as well. In another scenario Manny and Bell can also be sued for misrepresentation as they had advertised the oven bought from Tuscan as MB Oven with certain distinct qualities. They stand the chance of being sued for the same. Section 17 of the Trade Mark Act 1995 states that trade mark (Anderson and Gallini, 1998) is the sign that is intended or used to distinguish services or goods in the trade course. Intellectual property right is protected by the company by registering the trade mark which is not compulsory or registering the business name of the company which is compulsory significant Australia wide protection is provided on registration of the company for the name of the company. An action for infringement of trademark invariably and often copyright infringement are coupled along with deceptive and misleading conduct allegation, putting thereby into play the broad remedies that have been made available under Trade Practice Act (now the Competition and Consumer Act 2010) (Banerji, 2011). In Australia infringement is defined as using of a sign as a trademark which is identical substantially or there is deceptive similarity to a trade mark that is registered with respect to the services or goods which the registration of the trademark is done (i.e. goods that are identical). The name of the restaurant that Manny and Bella own is called Perfect Domino Pizza which is deceptively similar to the name of the world pizza giant Dominoes and both are selling goods that are identical. Hence action can be brought against Bella and Manny for infringement of Trade Mark. Reference ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty. Ltd [2011]FCA 87. ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Limited [2007]FCA 1617. Anderman, S. (2007). The interface between intellectual property rights and competition policy. Singapore: IP Academy. Anderson, R. and Gallini, N. (1998). Competition policy and intellectual property rights in the knowledge-based economy. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2015]FCA 330. Australian Provincial Assurance Co Ltd v Coroneo [2016]38 SR (NSW) 700 a. Banerji, M. (2011). Raising the bar: trade mark oppositions in Australia. Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, 6(12), pp.850-852. Beale v. Taylor [1967]1 WLR 1193 (Court of Appeal) Seller - BTC - 1110. Corones, S. (2011). The Australian consumer law. Rozelle, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. David Jones v. Willis [1934]HCA 47 - 52 CLR 110. Intellectual property law. (2005). Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 31(4), pp.163-167. Jain, S. (n.d.). Contracts of Sale: Terms, Conditions and Warranties with Special Reference to Sale of Goods Act, 1930. SSRN Electronic Journal. Merrilees, B. and Cotman, N. (1976). An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection Law. The Australian Quarterly, 48(1), p.79. Miller, R. (2011). Miller's Australian Competition and Consumer Law annotated. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Nottage, L. (2010). The New Australian Consumer Law: What About Consumer ADR?. QUT Law Review, 9(2). Ventose, E. (2015). Patent protection for isolated genes in Australia. Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, 10(3), pp.148-150. YEUNG, K. (2005). Does the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Engage in "Trial by Media"?*. Law Policy, 27(4), pp.549-577.